Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico CarlF. W. Muesebeck This catalog is dedicated to our cherished colleague with affectionate regard for his kindliness and with admiration for his distinguished scholarly contributions to our knowledge of North American Hymenoptera for more than half a century. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr. Smithsonian Institution and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture VOLUME 2 Apocrita (Aculeata) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1979 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Catalog of Hymenoptera in American north of Mexico. "An outgrowth of . . . Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico, synoptic catalog (1951) in- cluding the first and second supplements (1958, 1967)" Includes index. CONTENTS: v.l. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). — v. 2. Apocrita (Aculeata) 1. Hymenoptera — North America. 2. Insects — North America. I. Krombein, Karl V. QL567.1.A1C37 595.7'9'097 78-606008 Contents Page Introduction by Karl V. Krombein, Paul D. Hurd, and David R. Smith v Hymenoptera by Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr 1 Symphyta by David R. Smith 3 Megalodontoidea 7 Xyelidae 7 Pamphiliidae 10 Tenthredinoidea 19 Pergidae 19 Argidae 20 Cimbicidae 26 Diprionidae 29 Tenthredinidae 39 Siricoidea 125 Syntexidae 125 Siricidae 125 Xiphydriidae 130 Orussidae 131 Cephoidea 133 Cephidae 133 Apocrita by Karl V. Krombein 139 Parasitica by Paul M. Marsh and Robert W. Carlson 141 Ichneumonoidea by Paul M. Marsh and Robert W. Carlson 143 Braconidae by Paul M. Marsh 144 Aphidiidae by Paul M. Marsh 295 Hybrizontidae by Paul M. Marsh 313 Ichneumonidae by Robert W. Carlson 315 Stephanidae by Robert W. Carlson 740 Chalcidoidea by Gordon Gordh 743 Torymidae (except Agaoninae) by E. E. Grissell 748 Pteromalidae by B. D. Burks 768 Eurytomidae by B. D. Burks 835 Chalcididae by B. D. Burks 860 Leucospididae by B. D. Burks 874 Eucharitidae by B. D. Burks 875 Eupelmidae by B. D. Burks 878 Encyrtidae by Gordon Gordh 890 Eulophidae by B. D. Burks 967 Mymaridae by B. D. Burks 1022 Trichogrammatidae by B. D. Burks 1033 Unplaced Taxa in Chalcidoidea by B. D. Burks 1042 Cynipoidea by B. D. Burks 1045 Ibaliidae 1045 Liopteridae 1046 Figitidae 1047 Eucoilidae 1052 Alloxystidae 1058 Cynipidae 1060 Evanioidea by Robert W. Carlson 1109 Evaniidae 1109 Aulacidae 1111 Gasteruptiidae 1115 Pelecinoidea by Carl F. W. Muesebeck 1119 Pelecinidae 1119 Proctotrupoidea by Carl F. W. Muesebeck 1121 Vanhorniidae 1122 Roproniidae 1122 Heloridae 1122 Proctotrupidae 1123 Diapriidae 1127 Scelionidae 1150 Platygastridae 1171 Ceraphronoidea by Carl F. W. Muesebeck 1187 Ceraphronidae 1187 Megaspilidae 1191 Trigonaloidea by Robert W. Carlson 1197 Trigonalidae 1197 Aculeata by Karl V. Krombein 1199 Bethyloidea by Karl V. Krombein 1203 Bethylidae 1203 Sclerogibbidae 1219 Chrysididae 1220 Dryinidae 1240 Embolemidae 1251 Scolioidea by Karl V. Krombein 1253 Tiphiidae 1253 Sierolomorphidae 1276 Mutillidae 1276 Scoliidae 1314 Sapygidae 1319 Formicoidea by David R. Smith 1323 Formicidae 1323 Vespoidea by Karl V. Krombein 1469 Masaridae 1469 Eumenidae 1472 Vespidae 1510 VI Pompiloidea by Karl V. Krombein 1523 Pompilidae 1523 Rhopalosomatidae 1570 Sphecoidea by Karl V. Krombein 1573 Ampulicidae 1574 Sphecidae 1575 Pemphredonidae 1595 Larridae 1617 Crabronidae 1650 Mellinidae 1683 Nyssonidae 1684 Philanthidae 1720 Apoidea by Paul D. Hurd, Jr 1741 Colletidae 1748 Oxaeidae 1770 Andrenidae 1772 Halicitidae 1932 Melittidae 1978 Megachilidae 1981 Anthophoridae 2081 Apidae 2188 Institutional Affiliation of Contributing Authors Smithsonian Institution: Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Karl V. Krombein, Carl F. Muesebeck U.S. Department of Agriculture: B. D. Burks, Robert W. Carlson, E. E. Grissell,' Paul M. Marsh, David R. Smith University of California, Riverside : Gordon Goi-dh Vll Introduction By Karl V. Krombein, Paul D. Hurd, Jr., and David R. Smith This catalog, which is an outgrowth of the highly successful Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico Synoptic Catalog (1951), including the first and second supplements (1958, 1967), provides simultaneously, by use of computer technology (Krombein, Mello and Crockett, 1974. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 20 :24-29), a printed version as well as a computer-queriable data base of the basic systematic, biological, and morphological in- formation on the order Hymenoptera as it occurs in America north of Mexico. While the format of the present catalog closely parallels that of the original catalog, every effort has been made to increase the information con- tent to fulfill better the needs of the biological community. This has been accomplished chief- ly by the introduction of textbook prose at most higher category levels, by the presenta- tion of explanatory or descriptive comments as appropriate, and by the inclusion of more complete listings of citations to taxonomic, biological, and morphological literature at all hierarchical levels together with parentheti- cal annotations concerning the content for many of these citations. Similarly, the data about hosts, parasites, prey, predators, and pollen sources are covered more fully than in the original catalog. Since these data have been reported in various ways and under dif- fering names in the primary literature, an attempt has been made to organize this in- formation and present it, usually, alphabeti- cally even though sometimes such data have been recorded in the literature with scien- tific or vernacular names or both. Although many of these names have been checked for accuracy, no consistent attempt has been made to verify that the names agree with current usage or status. While those authors of zoological names are usually abbreviated in the citation of hosts, parasites, and the like, the authors of the scientific botanical names are not included. Elsewhere in the catalog, the last name of an author is cited in full, but without initials. Since the tech- nology employed in the preparation of this catalog precluded the use of diacritical marks, these have been omitted and consequently, as in the case of the umlaut, a variant spell- ing has been substituted as appropriate. The International Code of Zoological No- menclature (1961) including the intent and preamble of the Code and of any pertinent opinions usually has been followed. Thus a name in current usage as deterimned by the code is employed, but mention is made, as appropriate, that an application is pending before the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. An attempt has been made to record all the recent taxa, with their synonyms, described Vlll from, or known to occur in, the political di- visions of the conterminous United States, Canada, Alaska, and Greenland. Insofar as known, all species introduced from other countries and liberated in America north of Mexico for biological control purposes have been listed. Some of these have never been recovered and, apparently, were unsuccessful in establishing themselves. For each such species a statement has been included, follow- ing the distribution, that the species was liberated but did not become established. As in the original catalog, the arrangement is systematic for species-groups and higher categories insofar as our present knowledge and the limitations of a linear arrangement permit. The generic and subgeneric concepts represented in this arrangement are based upon what are believed to be the correct type- species. In each instance the type-species is cited together with the authority for the selection. Where designations of type-species have been found to be invalid under the Inter- national Code of Zoological Nomenclature, new type-species designations, believed to be valid, are given in the catalog. Generic syn- onymy is included under the generic head- ings except where subgenera are recognized, in which cases such synonymy is given under the subgeneric names, and references to re- visional or other papers are listed under the appropriate higher category. The arrangement of species within genera, subgenera, and species groups is alphabetical. Where subspecies are recognized, the sub- specific names are placed in alphabetical or- der under the species to which they belong; and varieties are listed under the particular species or subspecies in which they were described. In each case the specific, subspeci- fic, or infrasubspecific, name is followed by an indication of the known distribution, and by brief statements, as appropriate, of pre- ferred habitats or the like, hosts, parasites, prey, predators, or pollen sources. Much of this information on synonymy, distribution, ecology, hosts, parasites, prey, and so forth has not been published previously. The type localities are usually recorded for those forms that are known only from the localities where the type specimens were obtained. Otherwise the distribution is usually shown by states and provinces, or by other means such as life zones. Since unquestionably a catalog is indispen- sable in the support of systematic and other biological research, no effort has been spared toward making this catalog as useful as pos- sible to all of the scientific community inter- ested in these fascinating insects. LITERATURE COVERAGE All authors have attempted to include all pertinent references to synonyms, revisions, taxonomy, biology, and morphology begin- ning with 1758, the publication date of the 10th edition of "Systema Naturae" by Lin- naeus. The cut-off dates vary for the several sections of the catalog and are as follows: Symphyta through 1974 ; Ichneumonoidea through 1976; Chalcidoidea — Torymidae (except Agaoninae) and Encyrtidae through 1976; other fam- ilies and Agaoninae through 1972; Cynipoidea through 1972 ; Evanioidea through 1976 ; Pelecinoidea, Proctotrupoidea, and Ceraphro- noidea through 1972 ; Trigonaloidea through 1976 ; Bethyloidea and Scolioidea through 1975; Formicoidea through mid-1975 ; Vespoidea, Pompiloidea, and Sphecoidea through 1975 ; and Apoidea through 1976. All authors have included some references subsequent to the dates listed above. IX Abbreviations and Symbols LITERATURE CITATIONS The source for journal abbreviations is Whit- lock, C, 1939, Abbreviations used in the De- part7ne)it of Agriculture for titles of publica- tions. United States Department of Agricul- ture Miscellaneous Publication No. 337, 278 pages. Abbreviations for other titles and journals not found in Whitlock essentially follow the same format and abbreviations that she recommends. Book titles are usually shortened to omit irrelevant adjectives and include abbreviations, e.g. : Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. The Ants of North Dakota, p. — , is cited as Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., p. — . Certain lengthy non- serial titles are also abbreviated, e.g. : Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd Exped., V. 2 (App.), p. — , rather than Say, 1824. hi Keating, Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek . . ., etc. The titles are intended to be uni- form throughout the catalog, but, in a work of this magnitude, there will naturally be some deviations. The abbreviations should be adequate to find the cited publication. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Certain symbols and abbreviations are fre- quently used in this catalog. Though there may be slight variations in some, they are generally as follows : (!) — lapsus or misspelling of a scientific name. " 5 " = $ or " s" = 9 — incorrect sex deter- mination. 5 (S mi.sdet.) or c? ( 5 misdet.) — only one of the sexes described belongs to the spe- cies cataloged. 9 — female. c? — male. 5 — worker. "U — soldier. ab. — aberration. app. — appendix. cent. — central. changed status — used after a species-group name to indicate a rank different from that previously accorded to it; not necessarily the same as new status. desig. — designated; e.g., in type-species de- signation, "Desig. by Rohwer, 1911." e., east. — east, eastern. emend. — emendation. fasc. — fascicle. fig., figs. — figure, figures. h.— heft. n. comb. — new combination ; used after a species-group name to indicate a new ge- neric assignment. n. name — new name; used after a genus- group or species-group name to indicate a substitute name for a homonym. N. name — New name ; used after a biblio- graphic citation to indicate a previously proposed name. Nom. nud. — Nomen nudum. n. s. — new series. n. status— new status ; used where a taxon is here accorded a rank different from that which it had previously. N. syn. — New synonymy; used to indicate a synonym newly proposed in this catalog. n., no., north. — north, northern. n.e., northeast. — northeast, northeastern. n.w., northwest. — -northwest, northwestern. orig. desig.-^original designation ; used to indicate type-species designation. p., pp. — page, pages. pi., pis. — plate, plates. preocc. — preoccupied ; used after a genus- group or species-group name to indicate a homonym. pt. — part. revised status — revised status; used to de- note a taxon that has been removed from synonymy. ser. — series. s., so., south. — south, southern. s.e., southeast. — southeast, southeastern. S.W., southwest. — southwest, southwestern. sp., spp. — species. ssp., sspp. — subspecies. subg. — subgenus. transcont. — transcontinental. v., vol. — volume. var. — variety. w., vi'est. — west, western. FAUNAL ZONES Bor. Boreal Canad. Canadian Huds. Hudsonian Transit. Transition Austr. Austral U. Austr. Upper Austral L. Austr. Lower Austral Alleghan. AUeghanian Austi-orip. Austroriparian Carol. Carolinian Sonor. Sonoran U. Sonor. Upper Sonoran L. Sonor. Lower Sonoran GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Abbreviation Political Unit Ala. Alabama Alaska Alaska Alta. Alberta Ariz. Arizona Ark. Arkansas B.C. British Columbia Calif. California Canada Canada Colo. Colorado Conn. Connecticut Del. Delaware D.C. District of Columbia Fla. Florida Ga. Georgia Greenland Greenland Idaho Idaho 111. Illinois Ind. Indiana Iowa Iowa Kans. Kansas Ky. Kentucky La. Louisiana Labrador Labrador, Newfoundland (Labrador) Maine Maine Man. Manitoba Mass. Massachusetts Md. Maryland Mexico Mexico Mich. Michigan Minn. Minnesota Miss. Mississippi Mo. Missouri Mont. Montana N. B. New Brunswick N. C. North Carolina N. Dak. North Dakota Nebr. Nebraska Nev. Nevada Newfoundland Newfoundland, Newfoundland (insular) N. H. New Hampshire N.J. New Jersey N. Mex. New Mexico N. S. Nova Scotia N. W. T. Northwest Territories N. Y. New York Ohio Ohio Okla. Oklahoma Ont. Ontario Oreg. Oregon Pa. Pennsylvania P. E. I. Prince Edward Island Que. Quebec R. I. Rhode Island Sask. Saskatchewan S. C. South Carolina S. Dak. South Dakota Tenn. Tennessee Tex. Texas U. S. United States Utah Utah Vt. Vermont Va. Virginia Wa.sh. Washington (state) W. Va. West Virginia Wis. Wisconsin Wyo. Wyoming Yukon Yukon Territory XI TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES The catalog contains one undiagnosed new genus also in the Ichneumonidae, Woldsted- species in the Ichneumonidae, Pterocormus tius Carlson, type-species Bassns biguttatns clasma Carlson, p. 521, proposed for the Gravenhorst, p. 719, proposed for Syrphoc- taxon misidentified as Ichneumon canade)isis tonus Foerster sensu Dasch (1964). Cresson by Heinrich (1961). The following new names are proposed to The catalog contains one undiagnosed new replace preoccupied names : Tenthredinidae Pachynematus gamus Smith for Pachyncmatus graminis Marlatt (1896) p. 58 Nematus atttis Smith for Ammironematus dyari Marlatt (1896) p. 68 Amauronematus peralus Smith for Nematus pecforalis Cresson (1880) p. 80 Ichneumonidae Oedomopsis davisi Carlson for Trophon 1 nasutus Cresson (1868) p. 366 Gelis cushmani Carlson for Hemiteles apantelis Cushman (1927) p. 405 Oresbius shimiaginensis Carlson for Stihoscopns ferrugineus Ashmead (1902) ... .p. 438 Pterocormus dionymus Carlson for Ichneumon anonyynus Heinrich (1961) p. 522 Casinaria affinisima Carlson for Casinaria affinis Walley (1947) p. 635 Pteromalidae Mesopolobus fuscipedes Burks for Platyterma fuscipes Ashmead (1896) p. 816 Eurytomidae Harmolita ovatella Burks for Harmolita ovata Phillips and Emery (1919) p. 840 Eulophidae Syntomosphyrum orgyiazele Burks for Tetrastichomyia orgyiae Girault (1916) . .p.1005 Diapriidae Trichopria kiefferi Muesebeck for Diapria montana Kieffer (1906) p.ll47 Scelionidae Trimorus contractus Muesebeck for Gryon flavipes Ashmead (1893) p.ll62 Ceraphronidae Aphanogmus harringtoni Muesebeck for Aphanogmus salicicola Harrington (1899) p.ll90 Megaspilidae Dendrocerus obscurellus Muesebeck for Atritomus californicus Kieffer (1906) ..p.ll94 Masaridae Euparagia richardsi Bohart for Psiloglossa simplicipes Rohwer (1909) p.l470 Philanthidae Cerceris bolingeriana Krombein for Cerceris bolingeri Scullen (1972) p.l730 Anthophoridae Triepeolus mitchelli Hurd for Triepeolus sublunatus Mitchell (1962) p.2094 There are a number of other nomenclatural valid genera and species for each family and and taxonomic changes. These are considered higher category. These nomenclatural and of lesser bibliographic importance than the taxonomic changes are as follows : new names, so tabulations of them are de- A number of generic transfers are made, ferred to Volume 3 which will also contain They are usually cited in the text as xanti- the indexes and a table of the number of anum (Saussure), n. comb. The authority Xll responsible for the transfer is the author of that section unless the name of another specialist is included. There are also a number of instances where a taxon formerly considered to be a species is treated here as a subspecies of another taxon, or where a taxon. formerly considered to be a subspecies is now raised to specific rank. The authority responsible for the change is the author of that section unless the name of another specialist is included. These are usu- ally cited in the text as clavatum johannis (Richards), n. status or alba Rohwer, n. status. The words — changed status — occasionally follow the author of a species-group name. This indicates that the taxon has a rank different from that accorded it elsewhere. It is not the same as new status for it reflects a change which has already been published. In a few taxa, the words — revised status — follow the author of a species-group name. This denotes a taxon which has been removed from synonymy. There are a few new synonyms at the genus-group level and numerous new syn- , onyms at the species-group level. These are indicated by the abbreviation N. syn. follow- ing the bibliographic citation of the new syn- onym. As noted above, the synonymy is to be attributed to the author of the section unless the name of another specialist appears in parentheses following the abbreviation N. syn. Volume 3 It is intended that Volume 3 will contain separate indexes to the taxa of Hymenoptei'a, and to their hosts, parasites, prey, predators, and pollen and nectar sources. Preparation of the indexes has already begun, and we antici- pate that the tapes for Linotron production will be sent to the Government Printing Office during 1978. We will also include in Volume 3 a tabulation of the number of valid genera and species for each family and higher cate- gory, and lists of the nomenclatural and taxonomic changes other than the new names which are listed above. Acknowledgments Preparation of the catalog and funding for its publication have had the enthusiastic support of Porter M. Kier, Director, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution (SI) and of Lloyd V. Knutson, Chairman, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. The catalog in its printed form could not have been achieved without their help, and we are most grateful that their assistance was available whenever we required it. We are indebted to a host of cooperating hymenopterists for generous assistance which Xlll has greatly enhanced the content and quality of the catalog. The aid furnished has involved such diverse activities as i-eviewing prelimi- nary drafts of various sections, and providing new information on taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and biology. In the Symphyta, H. E. Milliron, formeiiy of the Biosystematics Research Institute (BRI), Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, re- viewed parts of the manuscript and provided information, as did H. R. Wong, Northern Forest Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, for Pristiphora Latr. H. Greenbaum, Uni- versity of Florida, Gainesville, furnished data on Florida sawflies. The accuracy of host names in the Para- sitica was checked by the following special- ists : Smithsonian Institution — J. F. G. Clarke, D. R. Davis. W. D. Duckworth, T. L. Erwin, W. D. Field, and R. C. Froeschner; Systematic Entomology Laboratory (SEL), U. S. Department of Agriculture — D. C. Ferguson, R. J. Gagne, R. D. Gordon, A. B. Gurney, J. L. Herring, R. W. Hodges, J. M. Kingsolver, J. P. Kramer, A. S. Menke, D. M. Miller, L. M. Russell, C. W. Sabrosky, D. R. Smith, T. J. Spilman, M. B. Stoetzel, E. L. Todd, R. E. Warner, and R. E. White. D. M. Weisman (SEL) identified the remains of some lepidopterous larvae which served as hosts. Specialists who were helpful in the Ichneu- monoidea were : L. E. Caltagirone, University of California, Albany, and C. C. Loan (BRI), who reviewed parts of the manuscript on Braconidae ; C. van Achterberg, Waarder, The Netherlands, W. R. M. Mason (BRI), R. D. Shenefelt, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and R. Wharton, University of California, Berkeley, who provided advice and informa- tion on Braconidae; H. K. and M. C. Townes, American Entomological Institute, Ann Ar- bor, Michigan, who provided information and advice on Ichneumonidae; and P. M. Marsh (SEL) , who proofed the first-phase computer printouts for Mesochorinae, Diplazontinae, Oxytorinae and Orthocentrinae, and the third- phase edit for Ichneumoninae. Z. Boucek, Commonwealth Institute of En- tomology, London, and M. Graham, Oxford University, provided much information on Chalcidoidea, and D. P. Annecke, Plant Pro- tection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, advised on the placement of some species assigned erroneously to Aphycvs Mayr. A special debt of gratitude is due C. F. W. Muesebeck who painstakingly proofed all edit phases of the computer printouts for Encyrtidae and Torymidae and all but the first-phase edits of all other families of Chalcidoidea. D. B. Krombein provided welcome assist- ance by helping to proof the manuscripts and printouts for all superfamilies of aculeate wasps. F. D. Parker, Bee Biology and Syste- matics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, furnished biological data for a number of Utah wasps. We are grateful to R. M. Bohart, Univer- sity of California, Davis, for reviewing the manuscript on Chrysididae and for consider- able other assistance which included informa- tion on new synonyms and distribution in the Elampinae and Chrysididinae, and the assign- ment of taxa to species groups in Chrysis L. H. E. Evans, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, reviewed the section on Bethyli- dae. In the Scolioidea, the late J. C. Bradley, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, and J. G. Betrem, Deventer, The Netherlands, reviewed the manuscript on Scoliidae, and H. W. Allen, Moorestown, New Jersey, that on Tiphiinae. W. E. Ferguson, San Jose State University, California, and C. E. Mickel, Uni- versity of Arizona, Tucson, furnished infor- mation on synonymy and taxonomy of some Mutillidae. R. R. Snelling, Los Angeles County Museum, California, and M. R. Smith, Arlington, Virginia, reviewed the section on Formicoi- dea. J. F. Watkins II, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, reviewed the section on Dory- linae, and A. C. Cole, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, that on Pogoiwmyrmex Mayr. A. Francoeur, University of Quebec, Chicou- timi, provided information on the fusca group of Formica L. 0. W. Richards, British Museum (Natural History) , London, and R. M. Bohart reviewed the entire manuscript for Vespoidea. J. van der Vecht, Putten, The Netherlands, recom- mended the systematic sequence adopted in the Eumenidae and reviewed the manuscript. XIV M. J. West-Eberhard, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, and R. R. Snelling reviewed the manuscript on Vespidae and supplied data on taxonomy and biology. J. E. Gillaspy, Texas A & I University, Kinpsville, provided information on Polistes Latr. H. E. Evans reviewed the manuscript on Pompilidae, and F. E. Kurczewski, University of Syracuse, N. Y., contributed some prey records. R. M. Bohart and A. S. Menke generously made available a copy of their manuscript, "Sphecid Wasps of the World," which was most helpful in assembling the section on Sphecoidea ; Menke, in addition, reviewed the catalog manuscript for this superfamily. Other specialists contributed data on the groups mentioned after their names : R. E. Coville, University of California, Berkeley (taxonomy and distribution of Trypoxyloni- nae) ; J. E. Gillaspy (Bembicinae) ; F. E. Kurczewski (biology of Larridae and Cra- bronidae) ; R. C. Miller, Cornell University (taxonomy, distribution, and biology of Crabronidae) ; W. J. Pulawski, Wroclaw, Poland (taxonomy and distribution of Tachij- sphe.r Kohl) ; and D. Vincent, University of Maryland, College Park (taxonomy and dis- tribution of Passaloeciis Shuck.). E. G. Linsley, University of Califoi-nia, Berkeley, reviewed the entire manuscript on Apoidea and offered valuable suggestions. C. D. Michener, University of Kansas, Law- rence, discussed with the author of that sec- tion the biology and systematics of bees ; many of his suggestions have been incorpo- rated in the classification adopted. The fol- lowing specialists have cooperated by con- tributing data on the groups specified after their names: G. E. Bohart, Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State Univer- sity, Logan (taxonomy and biology of Apoidea) ; W. E. LaBerge, Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana (taxonomy of An- drenidae and Anthophoridae) ; U. N. Lanham, University of Colorado, Boulder (taxonomy of Apoidea) ; M. A. Lieftinck, Rhenen, The Netherlands (taxonomy of Anthophoridae) ; A. L0ken. University of Bergen, Norway (taxonomy of Apidae) ; T. B. Mitchell, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (taxon- omy of Apoidea) ; J. S. Moure, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil (taxon- omy of Apoidea) ; F. D. Parker (taxonomy and biology of Apoidea) ; J. G. Rozen, Jr., American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York (taxonomy and biology of Apoidea) ; R. R. Snelling (taxonomy of Hijlaeus F.) ; R. W. Thorp, University of California, Davis (taxonomy and biology of Apidae) ; P. H. Timberlake, University of California, Riverside (taxonomy of Apoidea) ; and T. J. Zavortink, University of San Francisco, California (taxonomy of Antho- phoridae) . C. W. Sabrosky (SEL) has been helpful to all of us in the discussion of abstruse nomen- clatural problems. J. F. Gates Clarke (SI) participated patiently in philosophical dis- cussions of a wide variety of subjects per- taining to the catalog. G. C. Steyskal (SEL) was the resource person for the grammar of scientific names and other linguistic matters. Computerization of the catalog and its pro- duction by the computer-driven Linotron re- quired the highly skilled technical expertise of specialists in computer storage and appli- cations. James F. Mello, formerly Chief of the Data Processing (ADP) Program at NMNH, carefully analyzed the 1951 Hymenoptera Catalog and developed the data analysis matrix which governed entry of information into the computer. R. Creighton, Manager, Information Retrieval and Indexing Division, Office of Computer Services (OCS), SI, de- vised the programs for editing, arranging, querying, and displaying data from the man- uscripts. J. J. Crockett, Manager, Software Systems and Program Maintenance (OCS), developed the program for conversion of the computerized data to special magnetic tapes capable of driving the Photo Typesetting Unit, the Mergenthaler Linotron 1010, in the Government Printing Office. T. G. Gautier, Chief (ADP), and D. Bridge, Operations Manager (ADP), maintained daily collabora- tion with the Editorial Board in assignment of clerical assistance, and production of the edit phases, merge files, and SELGPO print- outs. Finally, we are most grateful for the care- ful, accurate typing of the manuscripts for computer entry by the corps of dedicated clerk typists. R. M. Garlick served with the XV program as principal typist from its inception during the six years of manuscript produc- until his reassignment in mid-1976 as a com- tion and computer entry were: L. E. Back, puter technician; he also trained the other L. M. Bybell, R. Cloyed, L. E. Hatton, M. assigned typists. P. R. Brown is currently the Monahan, L. G. Oliver, J. Peabody, P. A. only typist assigned full time. Other typists Sunkel, and M. F. Ward, who worked for vaiying lengths of time XVI 1199 Division ACULEATA By Karl V. Krombein This divisional name is retained because of the substantial biological literature published on the groups of Hymenoptera popularly called ants, wasps and bees. No clear-cut unambiguous criteria exist by which one can separate Aculeata from Parasitica for there are annectent forms in both divisions. In North America we recognize about equal numbers of valid species-level taxa in the Acu- leata and Parasitica (or Terebrantia). However, there are comparatively few undescribed Acu- leata, and subsequent revisionary studies probably will synonymize nearly as many taxa now considered to be valid as there will be new taxa described. Undoubtedly there are numerous un- described small Parasitica. Aculeata occur in all major zoogeographic regions and on many of the oceanic islands; they are absent from Antarctica. Brothers (1975) recognizes 38 families of Aculeata. The majority occur in America north of Mexico except the Plumariidae, Scolebythidae, Loboscelidiidae and Fide- liidae (sometimes placed in Megachilidae), all small families with very few species. The Cleptidae are here considered to be a subfamily of Chrysididae. The exotic Loboscelidiidae are best con- sidered as an extremely aberrant subfamily of Chrysididae allied to the Amiseginae. Brothers considered the Crabronidae, here treated as a family, to be a subfamily of Larridae. Brothers recognized only three superfamilies of Aculeata, placing the scolioid, pompiloid and vespoid families in the Vespoidea, and consolidating the Sphecoidea and Apoidea under the former name. Further discussion of Brothers' arrangement will be found under appropriate su- perfamily headings. In general the Hymenoptera included in the Aculeata are characterized by conversion of the ovipositor to a stinging function only. The eggs are no longer exserted through the ovipositor as in most Parasitica but through an orifice anterior to it. The ovipositor with associated poison glands now serves several purposes, the temporary or permanent paralysis of the prey of wasps, as a defensive mechanism in bees and some ants, and as an offensive mechanism in some ants. However, annectent forms occur in some Proctotrupoidea of the Parasitica, and Bethyloidea and Scolioidea of the Aculeata. In many higher Parasitica the wing venation and thorax are much more reduced than in the Aculeata. Biologically the majority of Aculeata may be distinguished by their non-parasitic habits and the construction of nests for their young. Most higher wasps belonging to the Vespoidea, Pompi- loidea and Sphecoidea are predaceous upon other arthropods and build nests which vary from simple to quite elaborate. A few species of Pompiloidea and Sphecoidea behave as parasitoids, paralyzing the prey, laying an egg upon it, and making no nest; the prey later recovers and leads a normal life until killed by the growing larva. Most of the vespoid Masaridae and all of the free-living bees have converted to a larval diet of pollen and nectar. Cleptoparasites or brood-parasites, whose larvae develop in the nests of other wasps or bees, have evolved inde- 1200 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico pendently a number of times in all aculeate superfamilies. However, these biological distinctions break down in most of the more primitive wasps belonging to the Bethyloidea and Scolioidea. Many of these behave as true parasitoids in that the larval prey may be only temporarily para- lyzed, occasionally several eggs may be laid on a single prey larva, and frequently no nest what- ever is made, the prey being left in situ, or at most a crude cell may be constructed around the subterranean prey as in most Tiphiidae and Scoliidae. Parasitism of the egg stage of the host is known only among the Amiseginae (Chrysididae). Polyembryony is unknown, but parthenogene- sis occurs in some Aculeata. Usually this is of the facultative kind as is found in social insects such as some ants, vespid wasps and honeybees. It may be obligate in some aculeates, such as the tiphiid wasp Methocha and some species of the bee genus Ceratina, where males are rare or unknown. The simplest kind of nest among the aculeates is made by the wasp dragging the paralyzed prey into a crevice in or above ground or back into the prey's burrow; the opening is usually sealed off by particles of the substrate to make a crude cell. A second type of nest is also made in a pre-existing cavity, such as borings of beetle larvae in wood or twigs, or in old insect galls or abandoned mud cells. The nest in this second type may be unicellular as in the first kind of nest, or it may consist of a linear series of cells, each cell separated from its neighbor by a partition of mud, wood chips, resin, masticated plant leaves, or other substances. A third kind of nest is ex- cavated by the wasp or bee in the ground, in rotten wood, or in the soft pith of such shrubs as sumac and elderberry. The subterranean nests are frequently unicellular but multicellular nests in the ground, rotten wood or pith may have the individual cells arranged in a linear series or in clusters with the individual cells sealed by a partition or closing plug of the substrate. Occa- sionally a mud turret may be constructed over the entrance of subterranean nests. Next, there are the nests constructed entirely from foreign materials. Usually these are above ground although some Vespidae and Bombinae have subterranean nests. The nests of solitary species may be made of mud, or a mixture of resin and pebbles, with the cells arranged in parallel tubes, or in clusters or with separate but adjacent cells; some exotic social Vespidae make a mud en- velope around combs of hexagonal cells. A number of social species make paper or carton nests in which the nesting material consists of masticated wood fibers, bark or rotten wood. Finally, there is the complex nest of the honeybees constructed from wax secreted from glands in the abdomen of workers. Aculeate larvae are normally cannibalistic if they come in contact accidentally. This tendency is prevented in multicellular nests by the existence of partitions separating adjacent larvae. However, some species make brood cells in which several larvae develop amicably without the occurrence of cannibalism. Such nests have been reported for a few North American Isodontia (Sphecidae) and Megachile (Megachilidae), and for many exotic Allodapini (Anthophoridae). True sociality (eusociality) has arisen independently several times in the higher aculeates, the Formicoidea, Vespoidea, Sphecoidea and Apoidea. All of the ants are eusocial or are social parasites of other ants, but the majority of wasps and bees are solitary species. Wilson (1971) considers that eusocial insects must possess three traits: "individuals of the same species cooperate in caring for the young; there is a reproductive division of labor, with more or less sterile individuals working on behalf of fecund individuals; and there is an overlap of at least two generations in life stages capable of contributing to colony labor, so that offspring assist parents during some period of their life." Presocial insects exhibit one or two of the above traits. Solitary species have none of these traits. Most solitary aculeates practice mass provisioning, that is, the egg is laid and a store of food is placed in the cell with it, then the cell is closed; in many species the store of food is provided be- fore oviposition. Some sphecoid wasps, such as many Bembicinae (Nyssonidae), have taken the first step toward subsocial status by adopting progressive provisioning. This behavior is charac- terized by placing the egg on a single prey specimen and not furnishing additional prey until the egg has hatched or by the hatching of the egg before any food is provided; after hatching the larva is fed daily or at intervals as required. Other aculeates, e.g., Moniaecera (Crabronidae), some Andrena (Andrenidae) and Exomalopsis (Anthophoridae), have achieved the higher level of communal status, in which several females use a common burrow entrance but presumably maintain separate cells. A higher level of presocial behavior (quasisocial) is found rarely in some exotic bees where two or more gravid females of the same generation cooperatively construct and provision the cells. Some of our Halictidae have attained the semisocial stage which is similar to the quasisocial except that unmated females of the same generation associate with a Division ACULEATA 1201 gravid female or females and care for the larvae of the latter. A semisocial colony may evolve into a primitive eusocial colony as happens later in the season in some Angochlorella nests when the colony becomes monogynous and only the workers forage for pollen. Another stage toward the eusocial is the subsocial in which one female cares for her own larvae as in many Allodapini (Anthophoridae) and young nests of Boynhus (Apidae); such a colony may later become truly eusocial as happens when the first brood of Bombus workers ecloses and takes over the foraging activities previously performed by the queen. Taxonomy: Lanham, 1960. Ent. News 71: 85-86 (significance of hind tibial strigil in classification). —Richards, 1972 (1971). Ent. Essays to Commemorate Retirement of Prof. K. Yasumatsu, pp. 1-13, 10 figs, (thoracic spiracles in classification). —Brothers, 1975. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 50: 483-648, 101 figs., 7 tabs, (phylogeny, especially Mutillidae). Biology: Walsh and Riley, 1869. Amer. Ent. 1: 122-143, figs. 96-112 (habits of wasps). — Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 19-26, 39-46, 59-66, 75-79 (habits of wasps). — Peckham and Peckham, 1898. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2: 1-245, 14 pis. (instincts and habits of solitary wasps in Wis.). — Hartman, 1905. Tex. Acad. Sci., Trans. 7: 15-85, 24 figs., also published as Univ. Tex., Bui. 65, Sci. Series 6: 8-73, 24 figs, (habits of some Texan solitary wasps). —Peckham and Peckham, 1905. Wasps social and solitary, 311 pp. (prey, nests, life history in Wis.). — Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp studies afield, 372 pp., 68 figs, (nests, prey, life history in Mo.). —Wheeler, 1919. Amer. Phil. Soc, Proc. 58: 1-40 (evolution of parasitic Aculeata). —Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 1-44 (prey, nests, ecology of Mo. wasps, bees, ants). —Wheeler, 1923. Social Life Among the Insects, 375 pp., 113 figs. —Rau, 1926. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 157-277, 8 pis. (ecology of wasps and bees nesting in clay bank in Mo.). —Williams, 1928. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Bui. Ent. Ser. 19: 30-60, 112-174 (tropical wasps and bees). —Wheeler, 1928. Social Insects, 378 pp., 79 figs. —Rau, 1928. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 35: 325-489, 68 figs, (behavior non-social wasps in Mo.). — Reinhard, 1929. The witchery of wasps, 291 pp., 14 pis., 10 text figs, (prey, nests, life history in Md.). —Rau, 1933. Jungle bees and wasps of Barro Colorado Island, 324 pp. (nests, prey, life history). — Iwata, 1942. Tenthredo 4: 1-46, 5 pis., 1 fig., 2 pp. unnumbered figs, (compar. studies behavior of solitary wasps). — Hurd, 1955. Century of Progress in Natural Sciences, pp. 573-575, Calif. Acad. Sci. (history of wasp taxonomy). —Cooper, 1957. Jour. Expt. Zool. 134: 469-514, 26 figs, (functions of cell partitions in preventing parasitism, predation and cannibalism, and in orienting larva for pupation). —Evans, 1958 (1956). Tenth Internatl. Congr. Ent., Proc. 2: 449-457 (evolution of social life in wasps). — Olberg, 1959. Das Verhalten der solitaeren Wespen Mitteleuropas, 402 pp., 779 photos, (prey, nests). —Evans and Linsley, 1960. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 59: 30-37 (sleeping aggregations of aculeates). — Michener, 1961. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Symp. 1: 43-56 (aspects of social polymorphism). — Krombein, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 64: 11-19 (parasitism of several wasps and bees by acarid mites). —Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 148-164, 9 figs, (sleeping aggregations). —Evans, 1962. Evolution 16: 468-483, 6 figs, (evolution of prey-carrying mechanisms in wasps). —Evans, 1963. Wasp farm, 178 pp., 25 pis., 16 text-figs, (popular account). —Hamilton, 1964. Jour. Theoret. Biol. 7: 1-52 (genetic evolution of social behavior). —Evans, 1966. Ann. Rev. Ent. 11: 123-154, 2 figs, (behavior patterns of solitary wasps). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees: Life histories, nests and associates, 570 pp., 29 pis., 2 text-figs. Cited in text as Trap-nesting wasps and bees. — Andrewes, 1969. The lives of wasps and bees, 204 pp., 16 pis., 15 text-figs, (popular account). —Evans and Eberhard, 1970. The wasps, 265 pp., 122 figs, (synthesis of data on life history, behavior, ecology). —Flanders, 1970. Canad. Ent. 102: 898-905 (cannibalistic infanticide in social Hymenoptera). —Wilson, 1971. Insect societies, 548 pp., figs, (synthesis of insect sociology). —Iwata, 1972 (1971). Evolution of instinct-comparative studies of Hymenoptera behavior, 503 pp., 50 figs, (in Japanese). —Michener and Lin, 1972. Quart. Rev. Biol. 47: 131-159 (evolution of sociality). — Spradbery, 1973. Wasps: an account of the biology and natural history of solitary and social wasps, 408 pp., 28 pis., 131 text figs. —Hamilton, 1973. Ann. Rev. Syst. Ecol. 3: 193-232 (altruism in social insects). — Cazier and Linsley, 1974. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2546: 1-20, 6 figs, (foraging behavior of bees and wasps on Kallstroemia). —Schmidt et al, 1974. Sozialpolymorphismus bei Insekten, 974 pp. — Trivers and Hare, 1976. Science 191: 249-263, 7 figs., 6 tabs, (haplodiploidy and evolution of social insects). —Iwata, 1976. 1202 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Evolution of Instinct: Comparative Ethology of Hymenoptera, 535 pp., frontisp., 50 figs. (English translation, Natl. Tech. Inform. Serv., PB 257052). 1203 Superfamily BETHYLOIDEA By Karl V. Krombein Family BETHYLIDAE North American members of this family are tiny or small wasps, rarely over 10 mm long. They are considered to have been derived from a very primitive aculeate stock, and in some fea- tures of behavior and development are more like the typical Parasitica rather than the Aculeata. Usually the female stings the host larva a number of times until it is completely and per- manently paralyzed. The host larva is left in situ or it may be dragged to a crevice. The bethylid female usually deposits several eggs on each host specimen and the gregarious bethylid larvae develop externally. The Bethylinae and a few Epyrinae prey upon lepidopterous larvae, prin- cipally borers and seed-feeders, but also case bearers and leaf rollers. Most of the other bethylids prey upon coleopterous larvae (occasionally pupae), especially species dwelling in the soil, boring in wood or infesting seeds. There have been a few unconfirmed reports of hymenop- terous larvae serving as hosts. Despite Evans' recent numerous revisions of many of the genera of North American Bethylidae, we must expect that intensive, specialized collecting and biological observations in the future will enlarge our native fauna by as much as 50 percent. Revision: Evans, 1964. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 132: 1-222, 144 figs, (generic reclassification of New World spp.). Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 27-77. -Kieffer, 1914. Das Tierreich, Lief. 41, pp. 1-595. —Richards, 1939. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 89: 297-344. Biology: Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 16-20. Morphology: Reid, 1941. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 91: 402-409, figs. 42-44, 46 (female, male thorax). Subfamily BETHYLINAE Genus PROSIEROLA Kieffer Prosierola Kieffer, 1905. In Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 9, p. 243. Type-species: Epyris i nasalis Westwood. Monotypic. bicarinata (Brues). Ga., Fla., Tex.; Mexico. Host: Laspeyresia caryana (Fitch); Desmia funeralis (Hbn.) in leaf rolls. Parasierola bicarinata Brues, 1907. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 5: 100. 9. Biology: Doutt, 1973. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 66: 486-487, 1 fig. (brood tending). 1204 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Genus PARASIEROLA Cameron Parasierola Cameron, 1883. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 197. Type-species: Parasierola testaceicomis Cameron. Monotypic. Perisierola Kieffer, 1914. Das Tierreich, Lief. 41, p. 533. Type-species: Parasierola gallicola Kieffer. Desig. by Muesebeck and Walkley, 1951. Several species have been reared from microlepidopterous pests such as the pink bollworm and the Oriental fruit moth. Males are uncommon and thelytokous parthenogenesis may be com- mon, four gererations of females having been reared from an unfertilized female. alutacea Kieffer. Nev. (Ormsby Co.). Parasierola cellularis var. alutacea Kieffer, 1906. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 254. S. breviceps (Krombein). Calif. (Tracy). Host: Myelois venipars Dyar, larva. Perisierola breviceps Krombein, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 259. 9 . cellularis (Say). Pa., N. J., Md., Va., Ohio, Mich., Ind., Iowa, Mo., Nebr., Kans.; Mexico (Nuevo Leon). Host: Pyrausta ainsliei Heinr.; Ancylis comptana fragariae (W. and R.). Bethylus cellularis Say, 1836. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 279. Biology: Guajardo and Ortiz, 1966. Soc. Nuevoleon Hist. Nat., Bol. 1: 41. distinguenda Kieffer. Calif.; Nicaragua. Parasierola distinguenda Kieffer, 1908. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 76, p. 14. 9. N. name for the taxon misidentified as cellularis (Say) by Kieffer, 1906, Berlin Ent. Ztschr. 50: 254. emigrata (Rohwer). Tex.; Hawaii. Host: Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Perisierola emigrata Rohwer, 1917. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 5: 1. 9, cJ. Biology: Busck, 1917. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 5: 3-5. — Bridwell, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4: 21. —Williams, 1927. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 19: 11. gracilicornis Kieffer. Oreg., Calif., Idaho, Nev., N. Mex., Tex. Parasierola cellularis var. gracilicornis Kieffer, 1906. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 254. 9. punctaticeps Kieffer. Calif., Tex. Host: Laspeyresia caryana (Fitch); Acrobasis sp., A. caryae Grt.; Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Parasierola cellularis var. punctaticeps Kieffer, 1906. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 254. 9 . Biology: Rude, 1937. Jour. Econ. Ent. 30: 840-841. —Nichols, Pierce and Pinkney, 1950. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1011: 14. Genus GONIOZUS Foerster Goniozus Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, p. 96. Type-species: Bethylus claripennis Foerster. Desig. by Ashmead, 1893. ProgoniozHs Kieffer, 1905. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Ann. 29: 105. Type-species: Periseynus floridanus Ashmead. Orig. desig. Most species whose hosts are known prey on microlepidopterous larvae. North American spe- cies have been recorded from a number of economically important hosts. Males may be produced from unfertilized eggs. Revision: Fouts, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30: 127-132. brevinervis Fouts. Ohio, N. J. Host: Coleophora sp.; Aroga trialbamaculella (Chamb.). Goniozus brevinervis Fouts, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30: 127, 128. 9, cJ. castaneicolor Evans. "United States." Bethylus castaneus Kieffer, 1907. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 51: 295. 9. Preocc. in Goniozus. Goniozus castaneicolor Evans, 1964. Mus. Compar. ZooL, Bui. 132: 201. N. name. Taxonomy: Evans, 1962. Breviora, No. 150, p. 1 (generic transfer). clarimontis Kieffer. Calif. (Claremont). Gonziozus clarimontis Kieffer, 1906. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 253. 9. Superfamily BETHYLOIDEA 1205 columbianus Ashmead. N. J., D. C, Va., Utah. Host: Ancylis comptana fragariae (W. and R.), Rhyacionia buoliayia (Schiff.). Gonioziis columbianus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 76. 6, 9. Perisemus minimus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 71. 9. electus Fouts. La. (Bogalusa). Host: Rhyacionia frustrana (Comst.), R. buoliana (Schiff.), R. spp. Goniozus electus Fouts, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30: 128, 132. 9,6. flavipes Fouts. Kans. (Junction City). Goniozus flavipes Fouts, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30: 128, 130. 9, ^. floridanus (Ashmead). Fla. (Jacksonville). Perisemus Jloridanus Ashmead, 1887. Ent. Amer. 3: 76. S, 9. foveolatus Ashmead. Ont. to Fla., west to Sask. and Tex., Ariz. Host: Acrobasis caryae Grote; Polychrosis viteana (Clem.); Coleophora malivorella Riley; Ancylis comptana fragariae (W. and R.); Anchylopera nubeculana Clem.; Grapholitha molesta (Busck); Acrobasis caryivorella Rag.; Gracilaria negundella Chamb.; Nemapogon granella (L.); Laspeyresia caryana (Fitch); Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.). Goniozris foveolatus Ashmead, 1887. Ent. Amer. 3: 76. 9 . Goniozus hortonim Brues, 1907. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 5: 150. 9. Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99, No. 14: 44-46, pi. 15, figs. E, F (male genitalia). gallicola Fouts. Oreg., Calif. Host: Deoclona yuccasella Busck in Yucca seed pods; Melissopus latiferreanus (Wlsm.)? in galls of Cynips maculipennis Gill. Goniozus gallicola Fouts, 1942. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 44: 168. 9. Biology: Fouts, 1942. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 44: 168 (host ?). — Gordh, 1976. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1524: 1-27, 5 figs, (behavior, life history, host). hubbardi Howard. Fla. Host: Platynota rostrana (Wlkr.); Platoeceticus gloveri Pack. Goniozus hubbardi Howard, 1885. hi Hubbard, Ins. Affecting the Orange, p. 217. 9. longiceps Kieffer. Tex. Host: Rhyacionia bushnelli (Busck), R. buoliana (Schiff.), R. spp. Goniozus longiceps Kieffer, 1904. Arkiv for Zool. 1: 529. 9 . longinervis Fouts. Nebr., S. Dak., Calif. Host: Rhyacionia bushnelli (Busck), R. spp., Argyrotaenia citrana (Fern.). Goniozus longinervis Fouts, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30: 128, 131. 9, cJ. megacephalus Ashmead. Fla. (Key West). Goniozus megacephalus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 74. 9. Goniozus megalocephalus Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 152. Emend. mellipes (Ashmead). Fla. (Jacksonville). Perisemus mellipes Ashmead, 1887. Ent. Amer. 3: 76. 9. occipitalis Kieffer. Nev., Calif. Goniozus occipitalis Kieffer, 1906. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 252. 9. platynotae Ashmead. Conn., N. Y., to Fla. west to Kans. and La., also Utah and Ariz.; Puerto Rico. Host: Platynota idaeusalis (Wlkr.); P.flavedana Clem.; P. stultana Wish.; Archips argyrospila (Wlkr.); A. griseus (Robinson); A. rosaceana (Harr.); Archips sp.; Coelostathma discopunctana Clem.?; Sparganothis sulphurana (F.); Canarsia sp.; Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wlkr.); Pandemis limitata Rob.; Acrobasis cai-yae Grote; Ancylis comptana fragariae (W. and R.); Agathodes designalis Guen. Parasite: Perilampus fulvicomis Ashm. (secondary). Goniozus platynotae Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 75. d, 9. Goniozus euliae Fouts, 1926. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 28: 167. 9,6. Biology: Fouts, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30: 129. — Wolcott, 1948. Puerto Rico Univ. Jour. Agr. 32: 848. —Bennett, 1961. Tenn. Acad. Sci., Jour. 36: 353. — Oatman and Jenkins, 1962. Mo. Univ. Coll. Agr., Res. Bui. 789: 12. —Wilde and Semel, 1966. Jour. Econ. Ent. 59: 1040. — Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting Wasps and Bees, p. 69. — Prokopy, 1968. Jour. Econ. Ent. 61: 351. — Goertzen and Doutt, 1975. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 68: 869-870 (female ovicidal behavior). 1206 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico politus Ashmead. Md. (Virginia Beach). Goniozus politus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 75. 9. Genus BETHYLUS Latreille Bethylus Latreille, 1802-03. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., v. 3, p. 315. Type-species: Omalus fuscicomis Jurine. Desig. by Internatl. Comn. Zool. Nomencl. Op. 153, 1944. Perisemus Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, pp. 95, 96. Type-species: Perisemus triareolatus Foerster. Monotypic. Episemus Thomson, 1862. Ofvers. k. Vetensk. Akad. Forh. 18: 452. Type-species: Episemus variabilis Thomson. Desig. by Richards, 1939. Digoniozus Kieffer, 1905. In Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 9, p. 245. Type-species: Perisemus oregonensis Ashmead. Monotypic. Species of this genus prey upon larvae of Microlepidoptera, although there is a questionable host record for a nitidulid beetle larva. Both sexes exhibit polymorphy in wing length, and no fully winged North American specimens are known. Revision: Evans, 1962. Breviora, No. 150, 12 pp., 3 figs., 1 map. amoenus Fonts. N. W. T. south to Alta., east through Wis. and 111. to N. Y., Maine, and N. S. Host: Rhopobata naevana (Hbn.); ? Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.). Bethylus amoenus Fouts, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30: 127. 9, S. decipiens (Provancher). Alaska south to central Calif, eastward to N. Y., Maine and N. S. Host: Cnephasia sp. Go7iatopus decipiens Provancher, 1887. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 179. 9. Perisemus orego7iensis Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 70. 9. Arysepyris califomicus Bridwell, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4: 34. 9. Bethylus brachypterus Whittaker, 1928. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 2: 385. 9. Bethylus flavicomis Whittaker, 1928. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 2: 385. 6,9. Subfamily EPYRINAE Tribe EPYRINI Genus RHABDEPYRIS Kieffer Hosts of the American species are unknown. Two European species have been taken in ant nests, but the association is probably fortuitous. Revision: Evans, 1965. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 133: 67-151, 7 pis. Genus RHABDEPYRIS Subgenus RHABDEPYRIS Kieffer Rhabdepyris Kieffer, 1904. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz., Bui. (2)11: 32. Type-species: Rhabdepyris myrmecophihis Kieffer. Desig. by Kieffer, 1906. gracilis Evans. Calif.; Mexico (Durango). Rhabdepyris {Rhabdepyris) gracilis Evans, 1965. Mus. Compar. Zool, Bui. 133: 76. 9, 6. mellipes Evans. Fla. (Orange Co.). Rhabdepyris (Rhabdepyris) mellipes Evans, 1965. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 133: 72, fig. 1. 9. muesebecki Evans. Tex. (Brownsville); Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Bolivia. Rhabdepyris (Rhabdepyris) muesebecki Evans, 1965. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 133: 74. 9, S. nigripilosus (Ashmead). Ariz. (Huachuca Mts.); Mexico (Nayarit). Mesitius nigripilosus Ashmead, 1895. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (2)5: 539. 9 . Rhabdepyris (Rhabdepyris) huachucae Evans, 1965. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 133: 73. 9. Taxonomy: Evans, 1965. Psyche 72: 268. Superfamily BETHYLOIDEA 1207 Genus RHABDEPYRIS Subgenus TRICHOTEPYRIS Kieffer Rhabdepyris subg. Trichotepyris Kieffer, 1906. In Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 9, p. 376. Type-species: Rhabdepyris pallidipennis Kieffer. Desig. by Muesebeck and Walkley, 1951. Species Group Megacephalus angusticeps Evans. Ariz. (Tucson). Rhabdepyris (Trichotepyris) angusticeps Evans, 1965. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 133: 102, figs. 8, 48. 9. apache Evans. Ariz. (Pima Co.); Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco). Rhabdepyris (Trichotepyris) apache Evans, 1965. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 133: 91, figs. 5, 26. 9, 6. carolinianus Evans. S. C, Fla. Rhabdepyris (Trichotepyris) carolinianus Evans, 1965. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 133: 100, figs. 7, 28, 46. 9. megacephalus (Ashmead). Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif. Epyris megacephalus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 61. 9. Epyris megalocephala Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 153. Emend. texanus Evans. Tex., Ariz.; Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Morelos). Rhabdepyris (Trichotepyris) texanus Evans, 1965. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 133: 93, figs. 6, 18,27. 9, 6. werneri Evans. Ariz. (Gila Co., Pima Co.); Mexico (Chihuahua). Rhabdepyris (Trichotepyris) werneri Evans, 1965. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 133: 89, figs. 4, 17,25,44. 9, cJ. Species Group Pulchripennis amabilis Fouts. Mass., N. Y., Md., D. C, Va., Fla., Ark., Mo. Rhabdepyris amabilis Fouts, 1927. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 29: 165. 9. Genus RHABDEPYRIS Subgenus CHLOREPYRIS Kieffer Chlorepyris Kieffer, 1913. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 7: 108. Type-species: Epyris semiviridis Kieffer. Desig. by Kieffer, 1914. Species Group Viridissimus fulgens (Brues). Tex. (Brownsville); Honduras. Epyris fidgens Brues, 1907. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 5: 99. 9. Genus ANISEPYRIS Kieffer Anisepyris Kieffer, 1905. In Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 9, p. 248. Type-species: Epyris amazonicus Westwood. Monotypic. Rhabdepyris subg. Lophepyris Evans, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 201. Type-species: Rhabdepyris (Lophepyris) bridwelli Evans. Orig. desig. Revision: Evans, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 97-120, 28 figs. (U. S. species). —Evans, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 201-204 (Lophepyris). —Evans, 1966. Studia Ent. 9: 1-120, 151 figs. (New World species). Species Group Aeneus The Aeneus Species Group is equivalent to subgenus Lophepyris Evans. aeneus Kieffer. Southern Tex. to Panama. Anisepyris aeneus Kieffer, 1906. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Ann. 30: 138. 9. Anisepyris sublevis Kieffer, 1906. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Ann. 30: 140. 6 . Rhabdepyris (Lophepyris) bridwelli Evans, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 202. 9, cJ. bradleyi (Evans). Fla., Tex. Rhabdepyris (Lophepyris) bradleyi Evans, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 204. 9. 1208 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Species Group Aurichalceus aurichalceus (Westwood). Fla. (Miami); Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Kitts. Epyris aurichalceus Westwood, 1874. Thesaurus Ent. Oxon., p. 160, pi. 31, fig. 3. 9. Anisepyris viridis Kieffer, 1907. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Ann. 32: 12. 6. Preocc. Anisepyris virideUus Kieffer, 1914. Das Tierreich, Lief. 41, p. 438. N. name. Anisepyris cubensis Fouts, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30: 125. 9. Species Group Proteus arapaho Evans. Tex. (Culberson Co.). Anisepyris arapaho Evans, 1966. Studia Ent. 9: 62, figs. 44, 65. 9. dietrichorum Evans. Southern Ariz.; Mexico (Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jahsco, Veracruz). Anisepyris dietrichorum Evans, 1959. Ent Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 118, fig. 21. 9. papago Evans. Ariz. (Pima Co.). Anisepyris papago Evans, 1966. Studia Ent. 9: 63, fig. 45. 9. rugosicollis Brues. Tex. (Brownsville). Anisepyris rugosicollis Brues, 1908. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. (2) 6: 48. 9. Species Group Occidentalis arizonicus Evans. Ariz. (Pima Co., Cochise Co.). Anisepyris arizonicus Evans, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 112, fig. 15. 9. gibbosifrons Evans. N. J., Fla. Anisepyris gibbosifrons Evans, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 116, figs. 23, 25, 26. 9, S. laticeps Evans. Southeastern Ariz. Anisepyris laticeps Evans, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 113, figs. 18, 19, 24. 9, S. Anisepyris latifrons (!) Evans, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 115, fig. 24 legend. Lapsus. occidentalis (Ashmead). Wash., Oreg., Idaho, Utah, Nev., Calif., Ariz.; Mexico (Aguascalientes, Guadalajara, Guerrero, Chiapas). Epyris occidentalis Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 58, 59. 6, 9. Anisepyris punctaticeps Kieffer, 1906. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles^ Ann. 30: 139. 6. subviolaceus Kieffer. Mass., Mich., Alta. and B. C. south to Fla., Tex. and Ariz.; Mexico (Sinaloa, Nayarit, Morelos, Veracruz). Anisepyris subviolaceus Kieffer, 1910. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 79: 39. 9. Species Group Columbianus columbianus (Ashmead). Idaho and Wash, south through Ariz, and Calif, to Costa Rica. Epyris columbianus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 58, 60. 6, 9. Anisepyris pulchelhis Fouts, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30: 126. 9. grandis (Ashmead). Fla. Goniozus grandis Ashmead, 1887. Ent. Amer. 3: 76. 6, 9. Epyris aeneiceps Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 59. 9 . . williamsi Evans. Utah, Idaho and Oreg., south through Ariz, and Calif, to southern Mexico. Anisepyris williamsi Evans, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 106, fig. 9. 9, 6. Species Group Amazonicus analis (Cresson). N. C. to Fla., Tenn., Tex.; Mexico (Hidalgo). Epyris analis Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 193. 9 . Genus EPYRIS Westwood Epyris Westwood, 1832. London, Edinb. and Dublin Phil. Mag. and Jour. (ser. 3) 1 (2): 129. Type-species: Epyris niger Westwood. Monotypic Muellerella Saussure, 1892. In Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madagascar 20: pi. 25, fig. 20. Type-species: Muellerella amabilis Saussure. Monotypic. Empyris (!) Melander and Brues, 1903. Biol. Bui. 5: 23. Parepyris Kieffer, 1913. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 7: 108. Type-species: Epyris intemiptus Kieffer. Desig. by Kieffer, 1914. Psilepyris Kieffer, 1913. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 7: 108. Type-species: Epyris indivisus Kieffer. Desig. by Kieffer, 1914. Superfamily BETHYLOIDEA 1209 Several species are known to parasitize soil-dwelling beetle larvae, especially Tenebrionidae. A few species hibernate gregariously beneath or in bark of trees. Several species of which E. californkus (Ashm.) is an example, have a very painful sting and can cause severe allergic reac- tions in humans. Revision: Evans, 1969. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 95: 181-352, 168 figs., 24 maps (New World species). Species Group Connexus connexus Evans. Southern Ariz, and Calif. Epyris connexus Evans, 1967. Ent. News 78: 97. 9, S. spissus Evans. Ont., Mass., south to Fla. Epyris spisstis Evans, 1969. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 95: 193, figs. 1, 3, 7, map 1. 9, 6. Species Group Tricostatus cariniceps Evans. Central Calif., southern Ariz., western Tex. to Costa Rica. Epyris cariniceps Evans, 1969. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 95: 216, figs. 17, 41, 49, map 5. 9, 6. eriogoni Kieffer. Calif., Ariz., N. Mex., Tex. south to Veracruz. Epyris eriogoni Kieffer, 1906. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 245. 6. Epyris erigoni (!) Brues, 1907. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 5: 97. Taxonomy: Evans, 1969. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 95: 220, figs. 22, 25, 40, 50, map 6. 9,6. oriplanus Kieffer. Va. to Fla., Tex. to Calif., south to Chiapas. Epyris oriplamis Kieffer, 1911. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Ann. 35: 228. 9. Taxonomy: Evans, 1969. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 95: 213, figs. 10, 11, 19, 33, 34, map 4. 9, EClES GbOCP OBSCUHUM carolinianum Evans. S. C, Fla. Pstud:scbrrichiiim carolinianum Evans, 1961. Mus. Compar. ZooL BuL 126: 254. S. gibbosum Evans. N. Mex. (Rodeo). Pseudisobrachium gibbosum Evans, 1961. Mus. Compar. ZooL BuL 126: 255. c. obscurum Evans. Tex., Ariz., Nev.. Utah, Cahf.: Me.xico (Chihuahua, Baja California. Nayarit). Pseudisobrachium obscurum. Evans, 1961. Mus. Compar. ZooL BuL 126: 25ft, figs. 16, 36. S, 5 (?). otiosum Evans. Ariz.; Mexico (Sonora, Nayarit). Pstudisobraehium otiosum. Evans. 1961. Mus. Compar. ZooL BuL 126: 256. :. pallidum Evans. Ariz.. Calif.; Me.xico (Sonora). Pseudisobrachium. pallidum. Evans. 1961. Mus. Compar. ZooL BuL 126: 258. fig. 17. 6. wemeri Evans. Ariz.; Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa). Pseudisobrachium wemeri Evans, 1967. Ent. News 78: 20. S. Species Group Peolosgatuh arcnarium Evans. X. J. Pa. (?\ N. C, Ga, Fla. (?), Ala., Miss^ Mo. (?), IIL Associated with ponerine ants. Pseudisobrachium arenarium Evans, 1961. Mus. Compar. ZooL BuL 126: 263, figs. 20, 39, 57. ;. = (?). prolongatum (Provancher). N. B. and N. S. west to B. C, and Wash., south to N. C, Ky., EL and Iowa. Associated with formicine and m\-rmicine ants. Bethylus prolongatus FVovancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 265. " = " = c . Isobrachiitm magnum Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., BuL 45: 36. c?. Isobrachium mi/rmecophilum. Ashmead. 1893. U. S. NatL Mus., BuL 45: 37. ~,(c misdet.). Isobrachium mandibulare Ashmead. 1893. U. S. NatL Mus., BuL 45: 38. S, (c misdet.). Isobrachium montanum Ashmead. 1893. U. S. NatL Mus., BuL 45: 39. S, (d misdet.). Pseudisobrachium. rugosulum Fouts, 1928. Ent. Soc Wash, Proc. 30: 124. d. Pseudisobrachium agilis Whittaker, 1928. Rov. Ent Soc. London, Trans. 76: 386. pL 13, fig. 4. d. Species Group C.vEB0N.\Rn.T€ ashmeadi Evans. Mass., Ont., Mich, and Kans., south to Fla., Ala. and La. Host: Associated with formicine and dolichoderine ants. Pseudisobrachium ashmeadi Evans. 1961. Mus. Compar. ZooL BuL 126: 275. figs. 23. -33. 58. 63. d, S (?). carbonarium (Ashmead). Md. south to Ga., Ala., W. Va., Ky. (?). IIL Kans., N. Dak. (?). Epyris carbonarius Ashmead. 1893. U. S. NatL Mus., BuL 45: 59, pL 4, fig. 4. i Whittaker, 1930. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 32: 68. 6. minutus Ashmead. D. C. Anfeoji minutus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 97. 9. pallidicornis Ashmead. Utah (Utah Lake). Ayiteon pallidicornis Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 97. 9. politus Ashmead. Que., Ont. Anteon politus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 96. 9. popenoei (Ashmead). Kans. Assigned questionably to Anteon. Dryinus popenoei Ashmead, 1888. Kans. State Col. Agr., Bui. 3: App., p. I. S. puncticeps Ashmead. D. C, Va. Anteon puncticeps Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 97. 6. rugosiceps Kieffer. Calif. (Santa Clara). Anteon rugosiceps Kieffer, 1906. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 238. 6. tibialis Say. D. C, Ind. Assigned questionably to A7iteon. Anteon tibialis Say, 1836. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 284. 6. unifasciatus Ashmead. Fla. (Biscayne Bay). Anteon unifasciatus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 95. 9. whittakeri Muesebeck and Walkley. B. C. Anteon flaviscapus Whittaker, 1930. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 32: 67. 6. Preocc. Anteon whittakeri Muesebeck and Walkley, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2: 1040. N. name. Genus ANTEON Subgenus CHELOGYNUS Haliday Chelogyyius Haliday, 1838. Ent. Mag. 5: 518. Type-species: Dryinus infectus Haliday. Desig. by Muesebeck and Walkley, 1951. Neochelogynus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 60. Type-species: Neochelogynus typicus Perkins. Orig. desig. Lasianteon Kieffer, 1913. Soc. Ent. France, Bui. p. 200. Type-species: Anteon rubrifrons Kieffer. Desig. by Muesebeck and Walkley, 1951. Callianteon Kieffer, 1913. Soc. Ent. France, BuL, p. 300. Type-species: Anteon bifasciatus Kieffer. Monotypic. funestus Perkins. Ariz. Host: Cicadellidae nymph. Chelogyyius funestus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:48. 9,6. lusus Perkins. Ariz. (Tucson). Host: Cicadellidae nymph. Chelogynus lusus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:50. 9. melanacrias Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Chelogymis melanacrias Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 49. 9. minimus Fenton. N. Y. (Barneveld). Chelogynus minimus Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 13. 9. osborni Fenton. Ohio (Sandusky). Host: Chlorotettix unicolor (Fitch). Chelogynus osborni Fenton, 1918. Ohio Jour. Sci. 18: 256, 272. 9. rugulosus Fenton. N. B. (Saint John). Chelogynus rugulosus Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 14. 9. virginiensis Fenton. Va. (Rosslyn). Chelogynus virginiensis Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 14. 9. vivariensis Bradley. N. Y., R. I. Chelogynus vivariensis Bradley, 1926. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 39: 7. 9 . xanthothorax Bradley. N. Y. Chelogynus xanthothorax Bradley, 1926. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 39: 8. 9 . 1242 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Genus DEINODRYINUS Perkins Deinodryinus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 45. Type-species: Deinodryinus paradoxus Perkins. Desig. by Muesebeck and Walkley, 1951. atriceps (Brues). N. Y., Pa., Va., W. Va., Iowa, Kans. Bacchus atriceps Brues, 1904. Canad. Ent. 36: 118. 9. Deinodryinus variabilis var. carinatus Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 11. 9. atriventris (Cresson). Tex. Dryijius atriventris Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 193. 9. ferrugineus (Brues). Tex. Chelogynus ferrugineus Brues, 1905. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 3: 183. 9 . grandis (Brues). Mass., N. Y., W. Va. Chelogynus grandis Brues, 1905. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 3: 184. 9. henshawi (Ashmead). Mass. N. Y., Wis., Nebr. Chelogynus Henshawi Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 93. 9. paradoxus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Cicadellidae sp. on oak. Deinodryimcs paradoxus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 46. 9,6. piloslis Fenton. Ariz. (Chiricahua Mts.). Dei7iodryinus pilosus Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 12. 9. quercicola Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Deinodryinus quercicola Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:47. 9. schaefferi (Brues). Ariz., Tex. Chelogynus schaefferi Brues, 1907. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 5: 101. 9. variabilis Fenton. Va. (Falls Church). Deinodryinus variabilis Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 10. 9. Genus PRENANTEON Kieffer Prenanteon Kieffer, 1913. Soc. Ent. France, Bui. p. 301. Type-species: Ayiteon crassiscapus Kieffer. Desig. by Kieffer, 1914. americanus Kieffer. Wis. Prenanteon americanum Kieffer, 1914. Soc. Ent. France, Bui. p. 91. bakeri (Kieffer). Nev. (Ormsby Co.). Anteon bakeri Kieffer, 1906. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 239. 9 . micropunctatus Fenton. N. B. (Nerepis). Prenanteon micropunctatus Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 15. 9. Genus TRISANTEON Kieffer Trisanteon Kieffer, 1913. Soc Ent. France, Bui. p. 300. Type-species: Anteon hirticomis Kieffer. Monotypic rugosus (Ashmead). 111. Anteon rugosus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 96. 6. Genus HESPERODRYINUS Perkins Hesperodryinus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 40. Type-species: Hesperodryinus arizonicus Perkins. Orig. desig. amphiscepae Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Acanalonia bivittata (Say) nymph. Hesperodryinus amphiscepae Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 41. 9. Superfamily BETHYLOIDEA 1243 arizonicus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: M isthamophantia sonorana Kirk, nymph. ^ Hesperodryinus arizonicus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 42. 9. audax Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Hesperodi-yinus audax Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:43. 9. Genus BOCCHUS Ashmead Bocchus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 91. Type-species: Bocchus flavicollis Ashmead. Orig. desig. Phorbas Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 90. Preocc. Type-species: Phorbas laticeps Ashmead. Monotypic. Eukoebeleia Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 59. Type-species: Eukoebeleia mirabilis Perkins. Orig. desig. Phorbasia kieffer, 1914. Das Tierreich, Lief. 41, p. 58. N. name. Neoanteon Fouts, 1922. Philippine Jour. Sci. 20: 633. Type-species: Neoanteon rubrica Fouts. Orig. desig. Taxonomy: Fenton, 1918. Ohio Jour. Sci. 18: 261 (key to spp.). arizonica (Perkins). Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Bruchomorpha sp.? Eukoebeleia arizonica Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 44 9. flavicollis Ashmead. Mich. (Marquette). Bocchus flavicollis Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 91. 9. laticeps (Ashmead). Fla. Phorbas laticeps Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 90. 6. mirabilis (Perkins). Ohio. Host: Bruchomorpha oculata Newm. Eukoebeleia mirabilis Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1:59. 9. Subfamily DRYININAE Genus MESODRYINUS Kieffer Mesodryinus Kieffer, 1906. In Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 9, p. 497. Type-species: Dryinus niger Kieffer. Orig. desig. alatus (Cresson). Tex. Gonatopus (?) alatus Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 193. 9. americanus (Ashmead). Fla. Mystrophorus americanus Ashmead, 1887. Ent. Amer. 3: 128. 9. crawfordi Krombein. Md. (Plummers Island). Mesodryinus crawfordi Krombein, 1962. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 75: 3. 9 . Genus TETRADRYINUS Kieffer Tetradryinus Kieffer, 1913. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 7: 325. Type-species: Bocchus flavipes Kieffer. Monotypic. flavipes (Kieffer). Nev. (Ormsby Co.). Bocchus flavipes Kieffer, 1906. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 237 9. Genus THAUMATODRYINUS Perkins Thanmatodryinus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1 (1): 58. Type-species: Thaumatodryimis koebelei Perkins. Orig. desig. Taxonomy: Krombein, 1952. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 78: 97-99, 1 pi. (revis. gen. diag. and key to spp.) 1244 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico perkinsi Krombein. Va. (Westmoreland St. Pk.). Thaumatodryinus perkinsi Krombein, 1952. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 78: 99, figs. 2, 2a, 2b. 9. Genus PERODRYINUS Perkins Perodryinus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 43. Type-species: Perodryinus amoenus Perkins. Monotypic. amoenus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Acanalonia bivittata (Say) nymph. Perodryinus amoemis Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:43. 9,S. Subfamily GONATOPODINAE Genus NEODRYINUS Perkins Genus NEODRYINUS Subgenus NEODRYINUS Perkins Neodryinus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 1 (1): 50. Type-species: Neodryinus koebelei Perkins. Grig, desig. Prodryinus subg. Ctenodryinus Arle, 1935. Rio de Janeiro, Mus. Nac, Bol. 11: 46. Type-species: Prodryimis {Ctenodryinus) affinis Arle. Monotypic. The typical subgenus does not occur in North America. Genus NEODRYINUS Subgenus PRODRYINUS Kieffer Neodryinus subg. Psilodryinus Kieffer, 1906. hi Andre, Spec. Hym., Eur. AJg., v. 9, p. 497. Type-species: Dryinus acuticollis Kieffer. Grig, desig. Prodryinus Kieffer, 1906. In Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 9, p. 497. Type-species: Dryinus brachycerus Kieffer. Grig, desig. Phanerodryinus Roepke, 1916. Tijdschr. v. Ent. 59: 289. Type-species: Phanerodryinus javanus Roepke. Grig, desig. Psilodryinus has line priority over Prodryinus, but Richards (1953), the first reviser, placed the former as a synonym of the latter. arizonicus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Omienis septentrionalis (Spin.) nymph. Neodryinus arizonicus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 38. 9 . carinatus (Fouts). Pa. (Carlisle). Psilodryinus carinatus Fouts, 1924. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 26: 160. 9. dubiosus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Neodryinus dubiosus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4:39. 9. typhlocybae (Ashmead). N. Y., D. C., Ohio, III, Iowa, Ark., Kans., Tex. Host: Metcalfa pruinosa (Say), Anonnenis septeyitrionalis (Spin.). Labeo typhlocybae Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 89. cJ. Dryinus omienidis Ashmead, 1903. Ent. News 14: 192. 9. Dryinus nigrellus Brues, 1904. Canad. Ent. 36: 117. 9. Biology: Dean and Bailey, 1961. Jour. Econ. Ent. 54: 1104-1106, 2 figs. Genus CYRTOGONATOPUS Kieffer Pachygonatopus subg. Cyrtogonatopus Kieffer, 1907. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 54, p. 19. Type-species: Pachygonatopus (Cyrtogonatopus) breviforceps (Kieffer). Monotypic. Taxonomy: Richards, 1969. Roy. Ent Soc. London, Proc. (B) 38: 80 (genus redescription). clavicornis Fenton. Tex. (Brownsville). Cyrtogonatopus clavicornis Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72(8): 3. Superfamily BETHYLOIDEA 1245 Genus PRISTOGONATOPUS Kieffer Pristogonatopus Kieffer, 1913. Lab. Zool. Gen. e. Agr. Portici, Bol. 7: 325. Type-species: Gonatopus dentatiforceps Kieffer. Orig. desig. sjostedti (Kieffer). Tex. Gonatopus sjostedti Kieffer, 1904. Arkiv. for Zool. 1: 525. 9. Genus DICONDYLUS Haliday Dicondylus Haliday, 1829-30. In Curtis, Guide Brit. Ins., col. 110. Type-species: Dryinus bicolor Haliday. Desig. by Kieffer, 1914. Labeo Haliday, 1833. Ent. Mag. 1: 273. Preocc. Type-species: Labeo vitripennis Haliday. Monotypic. Labeola Haldeman, 1842. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 1: 192. N. name. Laberius Kieffer, 1914. Das Tierreich, Lief. 41, p. 59. N. name. LaberinusC.) Ogloblin, 1932. Rev. de Ent. Sao Paulo 2: 266. Misspelling. albitarsis (Kieffer). Nev. Labeo albitarsis Kieffer, 1906. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 2. nasutus (Ashmead). Fla. (Jacksonville). Embolemus nasutus Ashmead, 1887. Ent. Amer. 3: 75. 6. texanus (Ashmead). Tex. Assigned questionably to Dicojidylus. Labeo texanus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 89. 6. Genus PSEUDOGONATOPUS Perkins Pseudogonatopus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 1:34. Type-species: Pseudogonatopus kurandae Perkins. Orig. desig. americanus Perkins. Ohio (Columbus). Pseudogonatopus americanus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 37. 9. arizonicus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Stobaera? sp., nymph and adult. Pseudogonatopus arizonicus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 36. 9. autoxenobius Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Stobaera? sp. adult. Pseudogonatopus autoxenobius Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 37. 9. iowensis Fenton. Iowa. Host: Delphacodes lutulenta (Van D.). Pseudogonatopus iowensis Fenton, 1924. Ohio Jour. Sci. 24: 191. 9 . magnus Brown. Ind. (Wawasee Lake). Pseudogonatopus magnus Brown, 1940. Ent. News. 51: 11. 9. stenocrani dubiosus Perkins. Ohio. Pseudogonatopus stenocrani var. dubiosus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 39. 9. stenocrani stenocrani Perkins. Ohio. Pseudogonatopus stenocrani Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 38. 9. Genus AGONATOPOIDES Perkins Agonatopoides Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 33. Type-species: Agonatopoides synchromus Perkins. Monotypic. synchromus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Bostaera nasuta Ball, nymph and adult. Agonatopoides synchromus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent. Bui. 4: 33. 1246 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Genus HAPLOGONATOPUS Perkins Haplogonatopus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 39. Type-species: Haplogonatopus apicalis parkins. Orig. desig. americanus Perkins. Va., Ohio, Iowa. Host: Delphacodes campestris (Van D.); D. hdulenta (Van D.). Haplogonatopus americanus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 1: 40. 9. Genus EUCAMPTONYX Perkins Eucamptonyx Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 28. Type-species: Eucamptonyx testaceus Perkins. Monotypic. secundus Fenton. Ohio, Fla., Md., Kans. Eucamptonyx secundus Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 5. 9 . testaceus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Eucamptonyx testaceus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 28. 9. Genus APTERODRYINUS Perkins Apterodryinus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 14. Type-species: Apterodryinus torvus Perkins. Monotypic. torvus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Misthamophantia sonorana Kirk.; Acanalonia immaculata (Kirk.). Apterodryinus torvus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 14. 9. Genus PACHYGONATOPUS Perkins Pachygonatopus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1:45. Type-species: Pachygonatopus melanias Perkins. Orig. desig. minimus Fenton. S. Dak., Man. Host: Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal). Pachygonatopus minimus Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 6. 9. Taxonomy: Barrett, Westdal and Richardson, 1965. Canad. Ent. 97: 217-219, figs. 1-10 (egg, larvae, pupa, adults). Biology: Barrett, Westdal and Richardson, 1965. Canad. Ent. 97: 219-221 (life history). nearcticus Fenton. Iowa (Sioux City). Pachygonatopus nearcticus Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 6. 9. Genus CHALCOGONATOPUS Perkins Chalcogonatopus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 46. Type-species: Chalcogonatopus gigas Perkins. Orig. desig. Chalcogonatopus subg. E ugonatopus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 46. Type-species: Chalcogoyiatopus {Eugonatopus) pseudochromus Perkins. Monotypic. areolatus Fenton. Va. (Falls Church). Chalcogonatopus areolatus Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 7. 9. argyrias Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Chalcogonatopus argyrias Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:20. 9. californicus (Ashmead). Calif. Gonatopus californicus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 85. 9 . Superfamily BETHYLOIDEA 1247 echo Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C lialcogonatopiis echo Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:23. 9. euprepes Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus euprepes Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 18. 9. C halcogonatopus euprepes var. a Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 19. 9. C halcogonatopus euprepes (!) Kieffer, 1914. Das Tierreich, Lief. 41, p. 99. euprepoides Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus euprepoides Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 19. 9. C halcogonatopus euprepoides (!) Kieffer, 1914. Das Tierreich, Lief. 41, p. 99. flavifrons (Ashmead). N. Y. (Albany). Gonatopus flavifrons Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 84, pi. 5, fig. 4. 9. frequens Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus frequens Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:21. 9. harpax Krombein. W. Va. (Lost River St. Pk.). C halcogonatopus harpax Krombein, 1956. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 58: 158, fig. 1. 9. herbanim Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus herbarum Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:23. 9. koebelei Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus koebelei Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 26. 9. leptias Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus leptias Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 17. 9. niger Fenton. Iowa. Host: Scaphoideus sp., probably immistus Say. C halcogonatopus nigrus Fenton, 1924. Ohio Jour. Sci. 24: 193, fig. 3. 9 . paraleptias Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus paraleptias Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 18. 9. perdebilis Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus perdebilis Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4:27. 9. pseudochromus Perkins. Ohio (Columbus). C halcogonatopus (Eugonatopus) pseudochromus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 1: 48. 9. rapax Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Cicadellidae nymph on willow. C halcogonatopus rapax Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 20. 9. simulator Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus simulator Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 26. 9. solitarius Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus solitarius Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 22. 9. unicus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus unicus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4:25. 9. xestocephalus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). C halcogonatopus xestocephalus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 24. 9. 1248 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Genus GONATOPUS Ljungh Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810. Beitr. Naturk., v. 2, p. 161. Type-species: Gonatopus fonnicarius Ljungh. Monotypic. Revision: Richards, 1939. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 89: 185-344 (European spp.). Taxonomy: Fenton, 1918. Ohio Jour. Sci. 18: 265-266 (key to spp.). Biology: Haupt, 1916. Ent. Gesell. Halle, Mitt. 10: 41-50. Morphology: Haupt, 1932. Zool. Anz. 99: 1-18. affinis Fenton. Ohio (Bay View). Host: Psamynotettix affmis (G. and B.). Gonatopus affinis Fenton, 1918. Ohio Jour. Sci. 18: 266. 9,6. agropyrus Fenton. Iowa (Ames). Host: Psammotettix affinis (G. and B.). Gonatopus agropyrus Fenton, 1921. Canad. Ent. 58: 71. 9, 6 . ashmeadi Kieffer. Ala., Fla., Tex. Host: Delphacodes lutulenta (Van D.)? Gonatopus bicolor Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 85. 9. Preocc. Gonatopus ashmeadi Kieffer, 1904. In Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 9, p. 108. N. name. contortulus Patton. Que., Mass., Conn., Ohio. Host: Lataius sayi (Fitch). Gonatopus contortulus Patton, 1879. Canad. Ent. 11: 65. 9. curriei Krombein. Md. (Plummers Island). Gonatopus curriei Krombein, 1962. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 75: 4. 9. cyphonotus Bradley. B. C. (Downie Creek, Big Bend Country). Gonatopus cyphonotus Bradley, 1906. Canad. Ent. 38: 380. 9. foutsi Whittaker. B. C. (Chilliwack). Gonatopus foutsi Whittaker, 1928. Ent. Soc. London, Trans, p. 388. 9. inimicis Fenton. Ohio. Host: Endria inimica (Say). Gonatopus inimicis Fenton, 1918. Ohio Jour. Sci. 18: 270. 9. longicornis (Brues). Pa. (Saegerstown). Questionably assigned to Gonatopais. Phorbas longicornis Brues, 1907. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc,, Bui. 5: 152. i. peculiaris Brues. Tex. (Austin). Gonatopus peculiaris Brues, 1903. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 29: 125. 9. punctatus Fenton. Ohio (Columbus). Host: Lataius sayi (Fitch). Gonatopus punctatus Fenton, 1918. Ohio Jour. Sci. 18: 268. 6,9. septentrionalis Whittaker. B. C. (Chilliwack). Gonatopus septentrionalis Whittaker, 1928. Ent. Soc. London, Trans, p. 388. 9. sitnilis Fenton. Iowa (Ames). Host: Psammotettix affinis (G. and B.). Gonatopus similis Fenton, 1921. Canad. Ent. 53: 71. 9. Genus NEOGONATOPUS Perkins Neogonatopus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 42. Type-species: Neogonatopus ombrodes Perkins. Orig. desig. Allogonatopus Haupt, 1938. Ztschr. f. Naturw. 92: 21. Type-species: Allogonatopus procerus Haupt. Orig. desig. Taxonomy: Fenton, 1918. Ohio Jour. Sci. 18: 265-266 (key to spp.). brunnescens Perkins. Ohio. Neogonatopus brunnescens Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 44. 9. erythrodes Perkins. Ohio, Iowa. Host: Endria inimica (Say). Neogonatopus erythrodes Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1:43. 9. longitarsis (Ashmead). Fla., La. Labeo longitarsis Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 88. 6. Superfamily BETHYLOIDEA 1249 mimoides Perkins. Ariz., Utah. Neogonatopus mimoides Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. E.xpt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 34. 9. mimus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Cicadellidae. Neogonatopus mimus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:33. 9. obscurissimus Perkins. Ohio (Columbus). Host: Deltocephalus spp. Neogonatopus obscurissimus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 43. 9. ombrodes Perkins. Ohio, Colo., Calif., Conn., S. Dak. Host: Macrosteles divisus (Uhl.). Neogonatopus ombrodes Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1:43. 9. Biology: Ainslie, 1920. Ent. News 31: 169, 187. pallidiceps Perkins. Calif. (Alameda). Neogonatopus pallidiceps Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1:45. 9. Genus AGONATOPUS Perkins Agonatopus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 29. Type-species: Agonatopus pallidicoimis Perkins. Desig. by Richards, 1939. dubiosus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Agonatopus pallidicomis var. dubiosus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Asoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 30. 9. ferrugineus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Agonatopus fen-ugiyieus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 30. 9. heterothorax Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Cicadellidae nymph on grass. Agonatopus heterothorax Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 32. 9. innitidus Perkins. Ariz (Nogales). Host: CicadeUidae nymph on grass. Agonatopus innitidus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:31. 9. pallidicomis Perkins. Ariz. Agonatopus pallidicomis Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent, Bui. 4: 29. 9. picescens Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Agonatopus picescens Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:30. 9. suturalis Fenton. Ariz. (Tucson). Agonatopus suturalis Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 9. 9. Genus EPIGONATOPUS Perkins Epigonatopus Perkins, 1905. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1: 45. Type-species: Epigonatopus solitarius Perkins. Orig. desig. americanus Fenton. Iowa (Ames). Epigonatopus americanus Fenton, 1921. Canad. Ent. 53: 70. 9. plesuis Fenton. Ont., S. Dak. Host: Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal). Epigonatopus plesuis Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 9. 9. Biology: George, 1959. Canad. Ent. 91: 256. tenuis Fenton. Ind. (La Fayette). Epigonatopus tenuis Fenton, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 72 (8): 8. 9. 1250 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Genus DIGONATOPUS Kieffer Digonatopus Kieffer, 1913. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 7: 325. Type-species: Disco7idyius (]) javayius Perkins. Orig. desig. haplothorax (Perkins). Ariz. (Nogales). Gonatopus haplothorax Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:35. 9. Subfamily APHELOPINAE Genus APHELOPUS Dalman Dryinus subg. Aphelopus Dalman, 1823. Analecta Ent., p. 8. Type-species: Aphelopus atratus (Dalman). Desig. by Westwood, 1840. Taxonomy: Fenton, 1918. Ohio Jour. Sci. 18: 275 (key to spp.). Morphology: Haupt, 1932. Zool. Anz. 99: 1-18. affinis Ashmead. Canada. Aphelopus affinis Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 102. 9. albopictus Ashmead. Md., D. C, Va. Aphelopus albopictus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 100. 9. americanus Ashmead. Fla. Aphelopus americanus Ashmead, 1887. Ent. Amer. 3: 74. 6. arizonicus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Dikraneura sp. Aphelopus arizonicus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:53. 6, 9. bicolor Fenton. Iowa, Ark., Del. Host: Hymetta trifasciata (Say). Aphelopus bicolor Fenton, 1924. Ohio Jour. Sci. 24: 192. 9. comesi Fenton. Del, Ohio, Mich., Tenn.. Iowa, Ark., La. Host: Erythroneura spp. Aphelopus comesi Fenton, 1918. Ohio Jour. Sci. 18: 277. 6. dikraneuri Fenton. Ohio, Iowa. Host: Forcipata sp., prob. loca DeL. and C. Aphelopus dikraneuri Fenton, 1918. Ohio Jour. Sci. 18: 276. 9, cJ. microleucus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Typhlocyba sp. Aphelopus microleucus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:55. S. microtomus Whittaker. B. C. (ChilHwack). Aphelopus microtomus Whittaker, 1928. Ent. Soc. London, Trans, p. 389. 9. pilicornis Whittaker. B. C. (Chilliwack). Aphelopus pilicornis Whittaker, 1928. Ent. Soc. London, Trans, p. 389. 9, cJ. pulcherrimus Perkins. Ariz. (Nogales). Host: Erythroneura sp.; Typhlocyba sp.? Aphelopus pulcherrimus Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4: 54. ? a (!) prunotincta Cockerell, 1895. Ent. News 6: 60. 9. Spliaerophtltalvia (!) thera Cameron, 1895. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 358. 9. Preocc. in Mutilla. Mutilla gynaecologica Dalla Torre, 1897. Cat. Hym., v. 8, p. 45. N. name. Taxonomy: Mickel, 1965. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 67: 3 (synonymy). snoworum (Cockerell). Nebr. south to Tex., west to Mont, and Ariz. Sphaeroplithalnia (!) snoworum Cockerell, 1897. In Cockerell and Fox, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 49: 135. 6. Mutilla poecilonota Melander, 1903. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 29: 301. 9. sophrona Mickel. Ariz. Dasymutilla sophrona Mickel, 1928. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 143: 271. 6. stevensi Mickel. Iowa, N. Dak., south to Tex., Colo., Utah, N. Mex., Ariz. Dasymutilla stevensi Mickel, 1928. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 143: 99. 9. Dasymutilla medora Mickel, 1928. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 143: 101. S. Taxonomy: Mickel, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29: 44 (synonymy). subhyalina Mickel. Calif. (Andrade). Dasymutilla subhyalina Mickel, 1928. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 143: 281. 6. sulcatulla Mickel. Tex. (Rio Grande in Brewster Co.). Dasymutilla sulcatulla Mickel, 1928. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 143: 155. 9. testaceiventris (Fox). Oreg., Calif. Mutilla testaceiventris Fox, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 25: 242. S. texanella Mickel. Kans., Tex., Colo. Mutilla texana Blake, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 250. 9. Preocc Dasymutilla texanella Mickel, 1928. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 143: 96. 9. N. name. thetis (Blake). Ariz. Sphaerophthalma (!) thetis Blake, 1886. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 13: 214. 9. vandala Mickel. Tex. Dasymutilla vandala Mickel, 1928. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 143: 74. 6. vesta errans Rohwer. S. Dak. south to Tex., Colo. Dasymutilla errans Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 457. 9. Dasymutilla bosquensis Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 457. 9. Dasymutilla texensis Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 460. 9. vesta sappho (Fox). N. C. south to Fla., Miss. Host: Bembix cinerea Handl. Mutilla sappho Fox, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 25: 239. 9. Biology: Krombein, 1958. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2, Sup. 1: 104 (host). vesta vesta (Cresson). East of Rocky Mts. in Canada and U. S. Host: Trypargilum politum (Say); Nomia m. melanderi Ckll. Mutilla Vesta Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc Phila., Proc 4: 436. 9. Scolia unicincta Provancher, 1882. Nat. Canad. 13: 6. cJ (9 misdet.). Mutilla monozona Dalla Torre, 1897. Cat. Hym., v. 8, p. 64. N. name for Scolia unicincta Provancher, not Mutilla unicincta Lucas. Mutilla agenor Fox, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 25: 245. 6. Mutilla zella Rohwer, 1910. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 12: 50. 9. Pycnomntilla harmoniiformis Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 455. i. Superfamily SCOLIOIDEA 1313 Dasij)initilla ferrugatella Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 458. 9. Dasymntilla'coloradella Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 458. 9. Dasymutilla coloraclella virginica Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 459. 9. Dasymutilla coloroclella kaviloopseusis Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 459. 9. Dasymufilla wenillae Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 461. 9. Daxyinutilla Carolina Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41 462. 9. Biology: Fattig, 1943. Emory Univ. Mus. Bui. 1: 4 (host record). — Krombein, 1958. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2, Sup. 1: 104 (host record). vestita (Lepeletier). N. Dak. south to Tex., west to Alta. and Calif., south in Me.xico to Oaxaca. Host: Anthophora occidentalis (Cr.), Diadasia enavata (Cr.); Megachile periliirta Ckll. Mutilla vestita Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 634. 9,6. Mutilla Montezumae Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 634. 9. Mutilla fulvohirta Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 433. S. Sphaerophthalma (!) townsendi Cockerell, 1894. Ent. News 5: 199. i. Sphaerophthalma (!) aspasia Cameron, 1895. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 370. d. Preocc. in Mutilla. Mutilla anpasioides Dalla Torre, 1897. Cat. Hym., v. 8, p. 12. N. name. Ephuta californica var. eucliwa Cockerell, 1897. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20: 513. 9. Taxonomy: Mann, 1915. Psyche 22: 178, fig. 1 (gynandromorph). Biology: Mickel, 1928. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 143: 72. —Krombein, 1958. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2, Sup. 1: 104 (host records). waco (Blake). Tex. Mutilla (Sphaeropthahna) Waco Blake, 1871. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 3: 238. 9. wileyae Mickel. Tex. Dasymutilla wileyae Mickel, 1928. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 143: 177. 9. zelaya (Blake). Okla., Tex., N. Mex., Ariz. Mutilla (Spliaeroptltaima) Zelaya Blake, 1871. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 3: 234. 6. Genus LOMACHAETA Mickel Lomachaeta Mickel, 1936. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 29: 289. Type-species: Lomachaeta liicksi Mickel. Orig. desig. Revision: Mickel, 1940. Pan-Pacific Ent. 16: 127-131. coloradensis Mickel. Colo. (Boulder Co.). Lomachaeta coloradensis Mickel, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29: 292. 6. formosula Mickel. Ga. (Clarke Co.); Mexico (Coahuila). Lo7nacbaeta fonuosula Mickel, 1940. Pan-Pacific Ent. 16: 130. 6. hicksi Mickel. Calif. Lomachaeta hicksi Mickel, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29: 289. 9,6. minutula Mickel. Okla., Tex. (Type from Tenn., Mo. or Ark.). Lomachaeta minutula Mickel, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29: 294. 9. punctinota Mickel. 111. (Carbondale). Lomachaeta punctinota Mickel, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29: 293. 6. variegata Mickel. Wash., Calif., Nev., Ariz., N. Mex. Host: Solierella plenoculoides similis (Brid.), S. blaisdelli (Brid.), nesting in stems of Eriogonum elatum. Lomachaeta variegata Mickel, 1940. Pan-Pacific Ent. 16: 128. 9, 6. Biology: Parker, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 116 (host records). —Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (host records). Genus SMICROMUTILLA Mickel Sviicrovnifilla Mickel, 1964. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40: 108. Type-species: Smicromutilla powelli Mickel. Orig. desig. powelli Mickel. Calif. (San Luis Obispo Co.). Host: Diodontus occidentalis Fox? Smicromutilla powelli Mickel, 1964. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40: 108, 1 fig. c5, 2. 1314 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Unplaced Taxa of Mutillidae Mutilla contractu Say, 1836. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 295. S. Type destroyed. Mutilla exulans Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 397. 9. Described from Drury coll.; type probably lost. Mutilla versicolor Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 398. 9. Described from Drury coll.; type probably lost. Mutilla vigilans Say, 1836. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 296. S. Type destroyed. Family SCOLIIDAE The scoliid wasps are external parasites of larvae of Scarabaeidae in the soil or in debris of wood-rat nests. Members of some exotic genera parasitize scarabaeid larvae in decaying wood. Morphology: Betrem, 1972 (1971). Nederland. Ent. Ver., Monog. 6: 13-20, 6 figs, (adults). Subfamily CAMPSOMERINAE Revision: Betrem, 1972 (1971). Nederland. Ent. Ver., Monog. 6: 1-326, 6pls. (African species; erects tribal classification). Tribe TRIELIDINI Taxonomy: Bradley, 1950. Eos, Tomo extraord., pp. 427-438 (primitive character of group). —Betrem, 1972 (1971). Nederland. Ent. Ver., Monog. 6: 26. Genus TRIELIS Saussure Revision: Bradley, 1928. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 54: 195-214, 4 text figs., pi. 22. Taxonomy: Betrem, 1962. Ent. News 73: 146. Genus TRIELIS Subgenus TRIELIS Saussure Trielis Saussure, 1863. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. (4) 3: 18. Type-species: Elis xantiana Saussure. Monotypic. Xampsoscolia Betrem, 1933. Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 94: 240. Type-species: Scolia sexmaculata Fabricius. Orig. desig. Only the typical subgenus occurs in North America. Our species belong to Species Group In- terrupta which is found also in the Palaearctic Region. Taxonomy: Betrem, 1962. Ent. News 73: 146 (type species). octomaculata hermione (Banks). Austrorip., N. J. to Fla., Ala., 111. Trielis hertnione Banks, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 200. 6. octomaculata octomaculata (Say). U. Austr. Zone west of Allegheny Mts. and east of 100th Meridian. Scolia viii.maculata Say, 1823. West. Quart. Rptr. 2: 74. 9. Scolia ocfo-niacnlata Say, 1825. American Entomology, pi. 29. Emend. octomaculata texensis (Saussure). U. and L. Sonoran Zones. Elis texensis Saussure, 1858. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. (3) 6: 224. 6. Scolia regina Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 447. 9. Scolia co7isors Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 449. 6. Preocc. Scolia flavosignata Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 449. 6. Elis (Trielis) zonaria Cresson, 1868. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 1: 378. N. name. Elis lupina Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 202. 9. pollenifera (Viereck). Kans., N. Mex., Ariz. Elis {Trielis) pollenifera Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 190. 9. Elis (Trielis) pollenifera var. a Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 191. 9,6. Genus CRIOSCOLIA Bradley Crioscolia Bradley, 1950. Eos, Tomo extraord., p. 431. Type-species: Campsomeris (Trielis) flammicoma Bradley. Orig. desig. Superfamily SCOLIOIDEA 1315 Only the typical subgenus occurs in North America. alcione (Banks). U. Sonoran Zone. Trielis alcione Banks, 1917. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 61: 112. 6. flammicoma (Bradley). L. Sonoran Zone. Campsomeris (Trielis) flartmiicoyna Bradley, 1928. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 54: 209. 9, d. Tribe CAMPSOMERINI Taxonomy: Betrem, 1972 (1971). Nederland. Ent. Ver., Monog. 6: 76. Genus CAMPSOMERIS Guerin Taxonomy: Bradley, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 65-77 (subgeneric reclassification Amer. spp.). —Bradley, 1964. Ent. News 75: 101-108 (added notes on subgenera and spp.). Genus CAMPSOMERIS Subgenus CAMPSOMERIS Guerin Campsomeris Guerin, 1838. In Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool., v. 2, p. 247. Type-species: Scolia atrata Fabricius. Desig. by Bequaert, 1926. Colpa Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 534. Type-species: Colpa peregrina Lepeletier. Desig. by Betrem, 1928. The typical subgenus does not occur in North America. Genus CAMPSOMERIS Subgenus DIELIS Saussure and Sichel Elis subg. Dielis Saussure and Sichel, 1864. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol., p. 14. Type-species: Scolia radula Fabricius. Desig. by Betrem, 1928. Revision: Bradley, 1928. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 80: 313-337, 2 text figs., pi. 26. Taxonomy: Betrem, 1962. Ent. News 73: 207 (type of Dielis). Species Group Plumipes Taxonomy: Bradley, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 69. plumipes confluenta (Say). U. Austr. between Allegheny and Rocky Mts. Ecology: On flowers of Rubus, Arabis, Melilotus, Solidago, and Cephalanthus. Host: Cotalpa lanigera (L.). Scolia confluenta Say, 1823. West. Quart. Rptr. 2: 74. 9. Biology: Kurczewski, 1963. Ent. News 74: 21-24 (host record). — Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 156 (host record). —Kurczewski, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 40: 208-209 (host record). plumipes fossulana (Fabricius). Austrorip. from Md. to Fla., west to Tex. Scolia fossulana Fabricius, 1805. Systema Piezatorum, p. 242. 9. Canipsomeris szetschwanensis forma D Betrem, 1932. Ent. Ber. 9: 414. S. Taxonomy: Betrem, 1964. In Bradley, Spolia. Zool. Mus. Hauniensis 21: 35 (synonymy). plumipes plumipes (Drury). Carol. Zone from Mass. to Ga., Ky. Sphex plumipes Drury, 1770. Illus. Nat. Hist., v. 1, p. 104, pi. 44, fig. 5. 9. Scolia radula Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 355. N. name for plumipes. Preocc. in Campsomeris by Tiphia radula Fabricius, 1775, p. 354. Scolia quadricincta Klug, 1805. In Weber and Mohr, Beitr. z. Naturk. 1: 37. 9. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1964. Spolia Zool. Mus. Hauniensis 21: 23 (nomenclature radula). — Betrem, 1964. In Bradley, Spolia Zool. Mus. Hauniensis 21: 34-35 (radula specimens in Fabricius' collection). —Bradley, 1967. In Bradley and Betrem, Deut. Ent. Ztschr. 15: 331 (lectotype quadricincta). tolteca (Saussure). Tex., Ariz., Calif., south into Mexico, Haiti. Elis tolteca Saussure, 1857. Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 9: 282. 9. Elis dives Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 410. 9. Elis i-cincta Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 411. 6. 1316 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico trifasciata nassauensis Bradley. Fla. (Key Vaea); Bahamas. Campsovieris (Campsomeris) trifasciata nassaueyisis Bradley, 1928. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 80:322. 9,6. trifasciata trifasciata (Fabricius). Fla. (Miami) and Greater Antilles. Tiphia trifasciata Fabricius, 1793. Ent. System., v. 2, p. 226. 9. Colpa Alexandri Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 543. S. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1964. Spolia Zool. Mus. Hauniensis 21: 26 (holotype trifasciata). Species Group Pilipes Bradley (1964. Ent. News 75: 102) notes that a new subgenus will be described for this species group. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 69-70. pilipes (Saussure). U. and L. Sonor. Zones. Eiis pilipes Saussure, 1858. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. (3) 6: 246. 9. Biology: Linsley, 1946. Jour Econ. Ent. 39: 27-28 (pollinating alfalfa; misdet. as plumipes). Genus CAMPSOMERIS Subgenus XANTHOCAMPSOMERIS Bradley Campsomeris subg. Xanthocampsomeris Bradley, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 70. Type-species: Tiphia tricincta Fabricius. Orig. desig. Revision: Rohwer, 1927. Wash. Acad. Sci., Jour. 17: 150-154. completa completa Rohwer. Ariz. (Chiricahua and Santa Rita Mts.), Tex. (Hidalgo Co.); Mexico to El Salvador. Another subsp. occurs in Mexico. Campsomeris (Ca^npsomeris) completa Rohwer, 1927. Wash. Acad. Sci., Jour. 17: 151. 9. fulvohirta (Cresson). Fla. (Miami); Cuba. Scolia (E lis) fulvohirta Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 119. 9, d. Campsomeris (Campsomeris) fulvhirta (!) Rohwer, 1927. Wash. Acad. Sci., Jour. 17: 154. 9,6. limosa (Burmeister). Ariz.; Mexico. Scolia litnosa Burmeister, 1853. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, Abhandl. 1 (4): 28. 9, d. Dielis fulvopilosa Banks, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 200. 9. Taxonomy: Krombein, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2: 776 (synonymy). —Bradley, 1966. In Bradley and Betrem, 1966. Beitr. z. Ent. 16: 76 (lectotype limosa). Genus CAMPSOMERIS Subgenus PYGODASIS Bradley Campsoyneris subg. Pygodasis Bradley, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 72. Type-species: Scolia quadrimaculata Fabricius. Orig. desig. Species Group Quadrimaculata quadrimaculata (Fabricius). Largely L. Austr. from Mass. south to Fla., west to Okla. and Tex. Vespa maculata Drury, 1773. Illustr. Nat. Hist. 2: 74, pi. 39, fig. 2. 9. Preocc Scolia quadrimaculata Fabricius, 1775. Syst. Ent., p. 355. 9 . Scolia qnatuonnaculata Christ, 1791. Naturgesch. Class. Nomencl. Ins., p. 267. N. name. Scolia quadrinotata Fabricius, 1805. Systema Piezatorum, p. 240. 9. Scolia Abotii Klug, 1810. In Weber and Mohr, Beitr. z. Naturk. 2: 213. 6. Colpa Pensylvanica Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 546. 6. Elis quadriguttata (!) Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 222. Campsomeris druryi Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 50. N. name. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1964. Spolia Zool. Mus. Hauniensis 21: 21-22 {quadrinotata nomenclature; notes that it is a variety of quadrimaculata). —Bradley, 1967. In Bradley and Betrem, Deut. Ent. Ztschr. 15: 324 (holotype abotii). Superfamily SCOLIOIDEA 1317 Species Group Ephippium ephippium ephippium (Say). Tex. (Victoria, Seguin); south to northern South America. Another subsp. occurs in South America. Scolia ephippium Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 333. 6. Scolia Petitii Guerin, 1838. In Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, ZooL, v. 2, p. 249. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1945. Ent. Venez., Bui. 4: 18 (notes on type series pettitii (!)). — Krombein, 1949. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 100: 56-57, figs. 4-12 (gynandromorph). Genus MICROMERIELLA Betrem Micromeris Betrem, 1967. In Bradley and Betrem, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist), Bui., Ent. 20: 294. Preocc. Type-species: Scolia niarginella Klug. Orig. desig. Microvieriella Betrem, 1972 (1971). Nederland. Ent. Ver., Monog. 6: 116. N. name. This genus is not a member of the Nearctic fauna. marginella modesta (Smith). Liberated in N. J., Conn., but not established; Philippines. Introduced from Hawaii where it had been successfully established from the Philippines. Host: Anomala orientalis Waterh. Scolia 7nodesfa Smith, 1855. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 91. 9, (d misdet.). Scolia manilae Ashmead, 1904. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour 12: 8. 9. Genus CAMPSOMERIELLA Betrem Campsomeris subg. Campsomeriella Betrem, 1941. Notes d'ent. Chin. 8, fasc. 4: 86. Type-species: Scolia thoracica Fabricius. Orig. desig. This genus is not a member of the Nearctic fauna. Genus CAMPSOMERIELLA Subgenus ANNULIMERIS Betrem Campsomeriella subg. Annulimeris Betrem, 1967. Ent. Ber. 27: 28. Type-species: Tiphia annulata Fabricius. Orig. desig. annulata (Fabricius). Liberated in N. J. but not established. Introduced from China and Japan. Host: Papilla japonica Newm. Tiphia annulata Fabricius, 1793. Ent. System., v. 2, p. 225. 9. Cavipsonieris Sei-villei Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 501. 9. Preocc. (secondary homonym). Biology: Clausen, King and Teranishi, 1927. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 1429: 31-33 (life history). -Clausen, Jaynes and Gardner, 1933. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 366: 28-30 (life history). Subfamily SCOLIINAE Genus SCOLIA Fabricius Revision: Bartlett, 1912. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 5: 293-340, 2 pis. Taxonomy: Hurd, 1952. Calif. Ins. Survey, Bui. 1: 141-152, 2 pis. (Calif, spp.). Genus SCOLIA Subgenus SCOLIA Fabricius Scolia Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 355. Type-species: Scolia qiiadripiinctata Fabricius. Desig. by Latreille, 1810. Lacosi Guerin, 1838. In Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, ZooL, v. 2, p. 247. Type-species: Scolia quadripunctata Fabricius. Desig. by Bequaert, 1926. Lisoca Costa, 1858. Fauna Napoli Scoliid., p. 8. Type-species: Scolia quadripunctata Fabricius. Desig. by Krombein, 1951. The typical subgenus does not occur in North America. 1318 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Genus SCOLIA Subgenus DISCOLIA Saussure Scolia subg. Discolia Saussure, 1863. See. Ent. France, Ann. (4) 3: 18. Type-species: Scolia jiobilitata Fabricius. Desig. by Betrem and Bradley, 1964. bicincta Fabricius. U. and L. Austr. Zones, east of 100th Meridian. Scolia bicincta Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 356. Scolia obscura Klug, 1805. In Weber and Mohr., Beitr. z. Naturk. 1: 33. Scolia 2mdata Klug, 1810. In Weber and Mohr, Beitr. z. Naturk. 2: 212. 9. Taxonomy: Brimley, 1920. Ent. News 31: 261-262. —Bradley, 1964. Spolia Zool. Mus. Hauniensis 21: 10 (type series bicincta). consors Saussure. Colo.; Mexico (Baja California). Scolia consors Saussure, 1863. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. (4) 3: 18. 6. Scolia amoena Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 447. S. dubia dubia Say. U. and L. Austr. Zones, Mass. to Fla., west to Colo, and Ariz. Host: Cotinis nitida (L.)? Scolia dubia Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 364. Scolia aulica Burmeister, 1853. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, Abhandl. 1 (4): 33. 9, 6. Discolia thalia Banks, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 199. 6. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1966. hi Bradley and Betrem, Beitr. z. Ent. 16: 74 (lectotype aulica). Biology: Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 129-133. -Rau, 1932. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 27: 59-62. dubia haematodes Burmeister. Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif. Scolia haematodes Burmeister, 1853. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, Abhandl. 1 (4): 33. 9, d. Elis Americajia Saussure, 1857. Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 9: 282. 6. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1966. In Bradley and Betrem, Beitr. z. Ent. 16: 76 (lectotype haematodes). guttata Burmeister. Tex.; Mexico. Scolia guttata Burmeister, 1853. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, Abhandl. 1 (4): 36. 9. Discolia Hecate Kirby, 1889. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 449. 6. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1966. In Bradley and Betrem, Beitr. z. Ent. 16: 76 (lectotype guttata). mexicana Saussure. West. Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico. Host: Cotinis texana Casey. Scolia (Lacosi) mexicana Saussure, 1858. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. (3) 6: 219. 9. Scolia monticola Cameron, 1893. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 223. 9,6. Scolia nigrescens Bartlett, 1912. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 5: 331. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1964. In Betrem and Bradley, Zool. Meded. 40: 96 (synonymy). nobilitata nobilitata Fabricius. U. and L. Austr. Zones, Mass. to Fla., west to Colo, and Tex. Scolia nobilitata Fabricius, 1805. Systema Piezatorum, p. 244. Scolia tricolor Klug, 1805. In Weber and Mohr, Beitr. z. Naturk. 1: 35. Scolia maculata Guerin, 1838. In Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool., v. 2, p. 255. 9. Preocc. Scolia omata Smith, 1855. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 96. N. name. nobilitata otomita Saussure. Calif., Nev., Ariz.; Mexico. Host: Scarabaeid larvae in debris of wood-rat nest. Scolia otomita Saussure, 1858. Soc. Ent. Fance, Ann. (3) 6: 223. d. Scolia fulviventris Bartlett, 1912. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 5: 323. 9. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1964. hi Betrem and Bradley, Zool. Meded. 40: 96 (subspecific status). Biology: Ryckman, 1956. Pan-Pacific Ent. 32: 180 (host record). nobilitata tricincta Say. West. Kans. and Tex., Colo., N. Mex., Ariz. Scolia tricincta Say, 1823. West. Quart. Rptr. 2: 74. ? d. Scolia Ridingsii Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 445. 9. Scolia inconstans Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 446. i. Scolia (Discolia) Lecontei Cresson, 1868. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 1: 376. 9. Scolia (Discolia) flavocostalis Cresson, 1868. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 1: 377. 6. Scolia Lewisii (!) Cresson, 1868. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 1: 377. Lapsus for lecontei. Scolia flavicostalis (!) Banks, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 200. Superfamily SCOLIOIDEA 1319 Unplaced Taxon of Scolia Subgenus Discolia Saussure bifasciata (Swederus). N. Y. Sphex (Scolia) bifasciata Swederus, 1787. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad., Handl. 8: 281. This is possibly the same as typical nobilitata (F.). Genus TRISCOLIA Saussure Scolia subg. Triscolia Saussure, 1863. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. (4) 3: 17. Type-species: Scolia (Triscolia) badia Saussure. Monotypic. Taxonomy: Betrem and Bradley, 1964. Zool. Meded. 39: 436-437 (description). ardens (Smith). Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif., ?Oreg., south into Mexico. Scolia fenida Burmeister, 1853. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, Abhandl. 1 (4): 20. 9, 6. Preocc. Scolia ardens Smith, 1855. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 112. N. name. Scolia Montezumae Saussure, 1857. Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 9: 281. 9. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1966. In Bradley and Betrem, 1966, Beitr. z. Ent. 16: 75-76 (lectotype fervida). Family SAPYGIDAE All of the known records confirm that members of this family are parasitic in the nests of other aculeate Hymenoptera. The sapygid egg is apparently inserted through the cell closure in the host nest and usually hatches before the host egg. The newly hatched larvae of Sapi/ga cen- trata Say, S. louisi Krombein and S. pumila Cresson destroy the host egg and then develop on the pollen stored by the host bee; the larvae of S. confluenta Cresson and of Ensapyga rubripes proxima (Cresson) feed on the host larva after the latter has spun its cocoon. Development to the adult stage appears to be concurrent with that of the host. Sapygids parasitic on vernal bees transform to adults late in the summer, as do the host bees, and overwinter in the cocoons, emerging in the spring. Revision: Pate, 1947. Acta Zool. Lilloana (Tucuman) 4: 396-402. Taxonomy: Pate, 1946. Ent. News 57: 219-221 (list of type-species). —Tobias, 1965. Zool. Zhur. (Moscow) 44: 706-715, 4 figs, (family classification). Subfamily FEDTSCHENKIINAE This subfamily includes only the primitive fossorial genus Fedtschenkia Sauss. It has a disjunct distribution in xeric Holarctic areas, the five described species being known from Turk- menia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Iran, Lebanon, Israel and western United States. Modern Eu- ropean workers have considered that Fedtschenkia constitutes a separate family based on the erroneous assumption that it is a free-living fossorial form, probably parasitic on soil-dwelling larvae as in the Scoliidae. The single North American species of Fedtschenkia is a parasite of the ground-nesting eumenid wasp, Pterochilus trichogaster Bohart. Genus FEDTSCHENKIA Saussure Fedtschenkia Saussure, 1880. In Fedtschenko, Reise in Turkestan, II, Zool. Th., 13 Hymenoptera: Scoliidae, p. 13. Type-species: Fedtschenkia grossa Saussure. Monotypic. Cosilella Banks, 1913. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 32: 237. Type-species: Cosila phitonis Banks. Orig. desig. Taxonomy: Bradley, 1955. Ent. News 66: 230-233. anthracina (Ashmead). Wash., Calif., Colo., N. Mex. Ecology: Visits flowers of Chaenactis, Chorizanthe, Crypiantha, Eriogonum, EriophyllKm, Melilotus and Wislizenia. Host: Pterocheilus trichogaster Bohart in soil. Telephoromyia anthracina Ashmead, 1898. Psyche 8: 251. S. Plesia (Myzine) nigropilosella Cameron, 1908. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 34: 237. 9. Cosila plutonis Banks, 1913. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 32: 237. 9. Biology: Bohart and Schuster, 1972. Pan-Pacific Ent. 48: 149 (host record). 1320 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Subfamily SAPYGINAE North American species have been reared only from megachilid bees. However, extralimital species have been reared from Odynerus sens, lat., Anthophora and Xylocopa as well as from Megachilidae. Genus SAPYGA Latreille Sapyga Latreille, 1796. Precis Caract. Ins., p. 134. Type-species: Scolia quinquepimctaia Fabricius. Desig. by Latreille, 1802. Melius Fabricius, 1805. Systema Piezatorum, p. xiii. Type-species: Sapyga sexpunctata (Fabricius). Desig. by Shuekard, 1837. acuieata Cresson. Minn., Wyo., Colo., Alta, Oreg., Calif, in Transit. Zone. Host: Hoplitis prodiicta (Cr.), H. producta gracilis (Mich.), H.fulgida platyura (Ckll.), H. hypocrita (Ckll.), H. sambnci Titus. Parasite: Spliaeroptliahna aviphion (Fox). Sapyga acuieata Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 450. 9. Eusapyga aciculata (!) Hicks, 1934. Univ. Colo. Studies 21: 268. Biology: Davidson, 1896. Ent. News 7: 218. -Hicks, 1934. Univ. Colo., Studies 21: 268. — Linsley and Michener, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 28. — Linsley, 1944. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 39: 54. —Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 96-97. —Parker and Bohart, 1968. Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 5. angustata Cresson. Wyo., Colo., Utah, Ariz., Nev., Wash., Oreg., Calif, in Transit, and U. and L. Sonor. Zones. Host: Osviia atrocyanea Ckll., 0. pikei Ckll., 0. lig^iaria Say., Megachile angelarum Ckll. Sapyga angustata Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xxi. 6. Sapyga moesta Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. 6. Sapyga obscura Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xxi. 9. Sapyga fulvicomis Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xxi. 6. Sapyga maesta (!) Dalla Torre, 1897. Cat. Hym., v. 8, p. 192. Sapyga russellensis Roberts, 1929. Psyche 36: 360. 9. Biology: Linsley and Michener, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 28. —Linsley, 1944. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 39: 54. -Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 97. centrata Say. Ont. south to S. C, W. Va., Ill, Tex. Host: Osmia bucephala Cr., 0. pumila Cr., Hoplitis tnmcata (Cr.)? Sapyga centrata Say, 1836. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 301. Sapyga americana Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. 9. Sapyga pelopaei Ashmead, 1896. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 23: 179. 3. Biology: Krombein, 1952. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 54: 175. — Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 479-481 (life History). — Medler, 1967. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 60: 342 (host record). confluenta Cresson. N. H., Colo. Host: Osmia hesperella Ckll., 0. lignaria propinqua Cr., 0. cor data Robt. Sapyga confluenta Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. S. Sapyga emarginata Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. 9. Biology: Hicks, 1934. Univ. Colo., Studies 21: 267-268. elegans Cresson. Colo., Nev., Idaho, Calif., Oreg., U. Sonor. and Transit. Zones. Ecology: Visits flowers of Arctostapliy las nevadensis. Sapyga elegans Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xxi. 6,9. Sapyga coloradensis Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xxi. S. Sapyga truncata Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xxi. 6. Biology: Linsley and Michener, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 28. interrupta Roberts. Colo. Sapyga interrupta Roberts, 1929. Psyche 36: 359. 9. louisi Krombein. N. Y., N. J., Fla., Mich., Tex. Host: Heriades carinata Cr. Sapyga lotdsi Krombein, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 467. 6,9. Biology: Matthews, 1965. Amer. Ent. Inst., Contrib. 1, no. 3: 24-26 (life history). Superfamily SCOLIOIDEA 1321 maculata Provancher. Que. Sapyga maculata Provancher, 1882. Nat. Canad. 13: 9. 9. martinii Smith. Canada, N. H., Colo., Utah, Wye, Wash. Sapyga martinii Smith, 1855. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 117. d, 9. nevadica Cresson. Tex., Utah, Nev., Idaho, Wash., Oreg., Calif. Host: Dianthidium dubium dilectum Timb. Sapyga nevadica Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. x.xi. 6. Sapyga montana Cresson, 1880. amer. Ent. Soc, Tans. 8: Proc, p. xxi. 9. Biology: Hurd and Linsley, 1950. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 58: 247. pumila Cresson. Nebr., Colo., N. Mex., Utah, Nev., Alta., Calif. Host: Ashmeadiella aridula Ckll., A. nieliloti Ckll., Authocopa copelandica (Ckll.), Dianthidiinit consimile (Ashm.), Megachile rotimdata (F.), Osmia sp., Heriadea variolosa (Cr.). Sapyga piimila Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. 9. Sapyga minor Roberts, 1933. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 6: 96. S. Biology: Hicks, 1934. Univ. Colo., Studies 21: 268. —Linsley, 1944. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 39: 54. —Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 96-97. —Parker and Bohart, 1968. Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 3-4. — Torchio, 1972. Melanderia 10: 1-30, 60 figs, (life history, control). —Parker, 1975. Pan-Pacific Ent. 51: 119 (host). Morphology: Torchio, 1972. Melanderia 10: 8-10, figs. 26-55 (larval instars, pupa). Genus EUSAPYGA Cresson Eusapyga Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. Type-species: Sapyga rubripes Cresson. Desig. by Ashmead, 1903. Host records include only the megachilid genus Dianthidium. californica (Cresson). Calif. Sapyga californica Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. S. intermedia Roberts. Calif. Host: Dianthidiuyn sp. Eusapyga intermedia Roberts, 1929. Psyche 36: 361. 9. nigripes (Cresson). Nev. Sapyga nigripes Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. 6. rubripes Carolina Banks. N. C. Eusapyga caroliua Banks, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 203. 6. rubripes proxima (Cresson). Colo., Wyo., Mont. Host: Dianthidium pudicum (Cr.), probably subsp. decorum Timb. Sapyga proxima Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. 6. Biology: Hicks, 1927. Psyche 34: 193. rubripes rubripes (Cresson). Tex., Colo. Host: Dianthidium pudicum (Cr.), probably subsp. decorum Timb. Sapyga rubripes Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. 6,9. Biology: Hicks, 1934. Univ. Colo., Studies 21: 268. verticalis (Cresson). Nev., Calif, in Transit. Zone. Host: Dianthidium consimile fAshm.), D. u. ulkei (Cr.). Sapyga verticalis Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: Proc, p. xx. 9. Biology: Hicks, 1934. Univ. Colo., Studies 21: 268. —Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 96. 1323 Superfamily FORMICOIDEA By David R. Smith Family FORMICIDAE Ants are social insects that live in colonies in various ecological situations, most commonly in the soil, rotting wood, and plant cavities. They are practically ubiquitous being extremely prolific in numbers of individuals even though relatively low in numbers of species. Although most ants are free-living, some are parasites on other sjjecies of ants or live as inquilines in the nests of other ants. Most ants are omnivorous, but many have a more highly specialized food require- ment. A number of forms are of concern to man because of their feeding, nesting, or stinging habits. The species that nest in or near houses or other buildings are sometimes considerably an- noying to man. Because of the adaptive ability of many species and their habits of nesting in plants and soil, many forms have been spread throughout the world by commerce. A number of these tramp species are found in North America. A colony of ants is usually composed of one or more reproductive females (queens) and wor- kers. At certain times of the year a nest also contains males and virgin females. There are three distinct castes of ants, the female, males, and workers. The female is winged but loses her wings soon after finding a suitable place to begin a new colony; her main purpose is reproduction. The male is winged and is short-lived; he dies soon after mating. The workers are not winged, and their main functions are to build the nest, feed the colony, care for the young, and defend the nest. In some cases, workers are also reproductive forms. Many ants are monomorphic, that is, the workers are all the same size. Other ants are polymorphic, in which case the workers vary considerably in size. In polymorphic sjjecies, the largest workers are commonly termed soldiers or maxims and the smaller workers termed minors or minims. The size of a colony of ants, de- pending on the species and age of the colony, varies and may contain only a few dozen to many thousands of individuals. The literature on ants in voluminous. It is impossible to cite every reference on the subject. The following list contains some of the more significant works on a variety of subjects. Further references may be found in the literature cited sections of these citations. There have been many local or state faunal lists and treatments of ants; many of these are given by Smith (1947) who listed 84 publications by states. They are not repeated here. I appreciate the cooperation of the following myrmecologists who have reviewed all or parts of this section: A. C. Cole, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; A. Francoeur, Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi; M. R. Smith, Arlington, Virginia; R. R. Snelling, Los Angeles County Museum, California; and J. F. Watkins II, Baylor University, Waco, Texas. This section is based in large part on the Formicidae sections of the first Hymenoptera Catalog (1951) and its supple- ments (1958, 1967) by M. R. Smith. Revision: Creighton, 1950. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., BuL 104: 1-585, 57 pis. (keys to genera and species of N. Amer.). 1324 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Taxonomy: Dalla Torre, 1893. Cat. Hym., v. 7, 289 pp. (world cat.). —Emery, 1910. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 102, 34 pp. (Dorylinae, world cat.). — Emery, 1911. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 118, 124 pp. (Ponerinae, world cat.). — Wheeler, 1911. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 21: 157-175 (type-species). —Emery, 1912. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 137, 50 pp. (Dolichoderinae, world cat.). — Wheeler, 1920. Psyche 27: 46-55 (subfamilies). — Emery, 1921. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 174, 379 pp. (Myrmicinae, world cat.). —Wheeler, 1922. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 45: 631-710 (keys to world genera and subgenera). — Emery, 1925. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 183, 302 pp. (Formicinae, world cat.). —Carpenter, 1930. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 70: 1-66 (fossil ants of N. Amer.). — Donisthorpe, 1943. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 10: 617-648, 649-688, 721-737 (type-species). —Smith, 1943. Amer. Midland Nat. 30: 273-321 (key to N. Amer. genera based on males). —Smith, 1947. Amer. Midland Nat. 37: 521-647 (key to N. Amer. genera based on workers; list of publications on ants by states). —Van Pelt, 1948. Fla. Ent. 30: 57-67 (spp. of Alachua Co., Fla.). — Brown, 1954. Insectes Sociaux 1: 21-31 (phylogeny and subfamily classification). —Van Pelt, 1956. Amer. Midland Nat. 56: 358-387 (spp. of Welaka Reserve, Fla.). — Kannowski, 1956. Amer. Midland Nat. 56: 168-185 (spp. of Ramsey Co., N. Dak.). —Van Pelt, 1958. Amer. Midland Nat. 59: 1-57 (list of spp. of Welaka Reserve, Fla.). — Wenner, 1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 62: 174-182 (spp. of Bidwell Park, Chico, Calif.). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1960. Psyche 67: 87-94 (techniques for study of larvae). —Carter, 1962. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Jour. 78: 150-204 (N. C). —Carter, 1962. EUsha MitcheU Sci. See., Jour. 78: 1-18 (N. C. Piedmont). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak, Univ. N. Dak. Press, Grand Forks, 326 pp. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., Univ. Colo. Press, Boulder, 792 pp. — WUson, 1964. Breviora 210: 1-14 (ants of Fla. Keys). —Young and Howell, 1964. Okla. Agr. Expt. Sta. MP 71 (spp. of Okla.). —Cole, 1966. Brigham Young Univ., Sci. Bui., Biol. Ser. 7 (3): 1-27 (spp. of Nev. Test Site). —WUson and Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 14: 1-109 (spp. of Polynesia). —Wilson, Carpenter, and Brown, 1967. Psyche 74: 1-19 (first Mesozoic ant; a new subfamily). —Warren and Rouse, 1969. Ark. Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta., Div. Agr. Bui. 742, 67 pp. (spp. of Ark). —Ross, Rotramel, and LaBerge, 1971. 111. Nat. Hist. Survey, Biol. Notes No. 71, 22 pp. (common and economic ants of 111.). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1972. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 74: 35-45 (subfamiUes). — Kempf, 1972. Studia Ent. 15: 3-344 (cat. of Neotropical ants). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973. Ants of Deep Canyon, Philip L. Boyd Deep Canyon Research Center, Univ. Calif., Riverside, 159 pp. — Brown, 1973. In Meggers, et al.. Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and S. Amer., Smithsn. Inst. Press, Wash., D. C, pp. 161-185 (list of world generic and subgeneric names; suggested synonymy). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1976. Ent. Soc. Wash., Mem. 7, 108 pp. (ant larvae: review and synthesis). Biology: McCook, 1882. The honey ants of the Garden of the (Jods, and the Occident ants of the American plains, Philadelphia, 188 pp. — Buckingham, 1911. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 46: 425-507 (division of labor). — Wheeler, 1910. Ants, their structure, development, and behavior, Columbia Univ. Press, N. Y., 663 pp. (reprinted 1926, 1960). —Wheeler, 1928. The social insects, their origin and evolution, Harcourt, Brace and Co., N. Y., 378 pp. — Forel, 1928. The social world of the ants, G. P. Putnam's Sons, Ltd., London and N. Y., V. I, 551 pp., v. II, 445 pp. —Jones, 1929. Colo. Agr. Col., Expt. Sta. Bui. 341, 96 pp. (relation to aphids). —Wheeler, 1936. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 71: 159-243 (ecological relations to termites). — Haskins and Enzmann, 1938. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 37: 97-162 (sociological an physiological features). — Haskins, 1939. Of ants and men, Prentice-Hall Inc., N. Y., 244 pp. — Lafleur, 1941. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 49: 227-231 (civil disturbances in ant communities). — Lafleur, 1941. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 49: 199-204 (communal disaffection). — Lafleur, 1942. Sci. Monthly 65: 467^71 (behavior in the face of obstacles). —Smith and Weiss, 1942. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 798, 44 pp. (relation to azalea flower spot). — Wheeler, 1942. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 40: 1-252 (Neotropical ant-plants and their ants). — MacGregor, 1948. Behavioiu* 1: 267-296 (odor as a basis for orientated movement). — Brackbill, 1948. Auk 65: 66-77 (anting by birds). — Nixon, 1951. The association of ants with aphids and coccids, Commonwealth Inst. Ent. (London). 35 pp. — Valentini, 1951. Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) 11: 249-276 (adaptation of larvae). — Flanders, 1951. Canad. Ent. 83: 93-98 (role of ants in biological control of homopterous insects). — Flanders, 1952. Jour. Econ. Ent. 45: 38-39 (ovisorption as the mechanism Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1325 causing worker development). — Flanders, 1953. Sci. Monthly 76: 142-148 (caste determination). —Talbot, 1953. Mich. Univ., Contrib. Lab. Vertebrate Biol. 63, 13 pp. (fauna and populations). — Wilson, 1953. Psyche 60: 15-20 (caste determination). — Simeone, 1954. State Univ. N. Y., Syracuse, Col. Forestry Bui. 34, 19 pp. (carpenter ants and their control). — Chapman, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 93-102 (swarming of ants on mountain summits). — Gosswald, 1955. Rev. Suisse de Zool. 62: 372-386 (caste determination). — O'Rourke, 1956. Insectes Sociaux 3: 107-118 (medical and veterinary importance). — Wilson and Eisner, 1957. Insectes Sociaux 4: 157-166 (liquid transmission of food). —Talbot, 1957. Insectes Sociaux 4: 375-384 (populations). —Brian, 1957. Ann.Rev. Ent. 2: 107-120 (caste determination). —Weber, 1958 (1956). Tenth Intemat. Cong. Ent., Proc. 2: 459-473 (evolution of ants and feeding habits). — Eisner and Wilson, 1958 (1956). Tenth Intemat. Cong. Ent., Proc. 2: 509-513 (food transmission). — KannowsM, 1959. Insectes Sociaux 6: 115-162 (flight activities and colony founding of bog ants in Mich.). — Wilson, 1959. Anat. Rec. 134: 653 (pheromones in organization of ant societies). — Bartlett, 1961. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 54: 543-551 (influence of ants on parasites, predators, and scale insects). — Downey, 1962. Ent. News 73: 57-66 (association with larvae of a lycaenid butterfly). — Ayre, 1962. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 70: 159-167 (use of Lincoln Index for estimating size of colonies). — Reid, 1962. Ga. Agr. Expt. Sta. and Univ. Ga. Handbook, 71 pp. (as intermediate hosts of chicken and turkey tapeworms). — Van Pelt, 1963. Amer. Midland Nat. 69: 205-223 (distribution in south. Blue Ridge Mtns.). —Way, 1963. Ann. Rev. Ent. 8: 307-344 (mutualism between ants and honeydew producing Homoptera). — Kincaid, 1963. Amer. Micros. Soc., Trans. 82: 101-105 (pollination of plants). —Wilson, 1963. Ann. Rev. Ent. 8: 345-368 (social biology). — WUson, 1963. Evolution 17: 249-253 (social modification). —Ayre, 1963. Canad. Ent. 95: 712-715 (feeding habits). —Wilson and Bossert, 1963. Recent Progress 19: 673-716 (chemical communication). — Orlog, 1964 (1963). Ent. Expt. and Appl. 6: 95-106 (plant virus transmission). — Talbot, 1965. Insectes Sociaux 12: 19-47 (populations in a low field). — Brian, 1965. Social insect populations. Academic Press, London and N. Y., 135 pp. —Smith, 1965. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1326, 105 pp. (house-infesting ants of east. U. S.). — Janzen, 1966. Evolution 20: 249-275 (coevolution of mutualism between ants and acacias). — Beck, Allred, and Despain, 1967. Great Basin Nat. 27: 67-78 (predaceous-scavenger ants in Utah). — Sudd, 1967. An introduction to the behavior of ants, St. Martin's Press, N. Y., 200 pp. — Markin, 1968. Jour. Econ. Ent. 61: 1744-1745 (handling techniques for large quantities of ants). — Wilson, 1971. The insect societies, Belknap Press of Harvard Univ., 548 pp. — Lettendre, et al., 1971. Nat. Canad. 98: 591-606 (spp. from St. Hippolyte, Que.). —Payne and Mason, 1971. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 73: 135-136, 138 (ants associated with pig carrion). — Jennings, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 384 (ants preying on jack-pine budworm larvae). — Finnegan, 1971. Canad. Ent. 103: 1489-1493 (indigenous ants as limiting agents of forest pests in Que.). — Bhatkar and Whitcomb, 1970. Fla. Ent. 53: 229-232 (artificial diet for rearing various spp.). — Nielsson, et al., 1971. Fla. Ent. 54: 245-248 (ants associated with aphids in Fla.). — Whitcomb, et al., 1972. Fla. Ent. 55: 129-142 (ants of Fla. soybean fields). —Gregg, 1972. Canad. Ent. 104: 1073-1091 (northward distribution of ants in N. Amer.). — Hickman, 1974. Science 184: 1290-1292 (pollination by ants: a low-energy system). — Lettendre and Pilon, 1973. Nat. Canad. 100: 195-235 (ant fauna of Laurentide, Que.). —Finnegan, 1974. Entomophaga 7: 53-59 (ants as predators of forest pests). — Gumey, 1975. Insect World Digest 2 (5): 19-25 (stinging ants). Morphology: Reid, 1941. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 91: 367^46 (thorax of wingless and short-winged Hymenoptera). —Brown and Nutting, 1950. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 75: 113-132 (wing venation). —Wilson, 1953. Quart, rev. Biol. 28: 136-156 (polymorphism). —WUson, 1954. Insectes Sociaux 1: 75-80 (polymorphism). —Eisner, 1957. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 116: 439-490 (studies of the proventriculus). — Glockner, 1957. Insectes Sociaux 4: 83-90 (effect of hormones on metamorphosis). — Eisner and Brown, 1958 (1956). Tenth Intemat. Cong. Ent., Proc. 2: 503-508 (evolution and social significance of the proventriculus). — Nachtweg, 1961. Insectes Sociaux 8: 369-381. — Tulloch, Shapiro, and Hershenov, 1962. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Bui. 77: 91-101 (ultrastructure of metastemal glands). —Roth and Eisner, 1962. Ann. Rev. Ent. 7: 107-136 (chemical defenses). —Wilson, 1963. Sci. Amer. 208: 100-106 (pheromones). —Nachtweg, 1963. Insectes Sociaux 10: 43-57 1326 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico (sound organs). — Nachtweg, 1964 (1963) Insectes Sociaux 10: 359-378 (acoustics). — Etterschank and Brown, 1964. Ent. Monthly Mag. 100: 5-7 (Malphigian tubules as meristic characters). —Williams and Williams, 1964. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med. 116: 161-163 (toxicity studies of ant venom). —Cavil and Robertson, 1965. Science 149: 1337-1345 (ant venoms, attractants and repellants). — Law, Wilson, and McCloskey, 1965. Science 149: 544-546 (biochemical polymorphism). —Brown, 1968. Amer. Nat. 102: 188-191 (function of metapleural glands). — (Jotwald, 1969. Cornell Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem. 408, 150 pp. (mouthparts). — Hermann, 1969. Ga. Ent. Soc., Jour. 4: 123-141 (poison apparatus). — Blum, 1969. Ann. Rev. Ent. 14: 57-80 (alarm pheromones). Subfamily DORYLINAE Members of this subfamily are known as army ants and are sometimes referred to as legiona- ry ants in the New World and driver ants in the Old World. They are predaceous and are known for their foraging expeditions the size of which are sometimes exaggerated. Army ants exhibit a number of morphological and biological pectdarities not common to most ants such as wasplike males, wingless termitelike females, blind workers, and their raiding and emigrating behavior. Rettenmeyer (1963) outlined the following traits in which they differ from other ants: (1) They feed almost exclusively on animal prey which is collected by large groups of raiding workers; (2) their raiding columns usually connect to the nest by at least one continuous column; (3) the en- tire colony periodically and frequently emigrates to new nest sites; (4) emigrations are largely dependent on the size, caste, age, and range of ages of the brood (or broods); and (5) the colonies are fovmded by division of an entire colony into two (or possibly several) daughter colonies. Other ants may possess some of these traits, but not all of them. Much of the biological work on army ants has been done in Central America on the terrestrial species of Eciton which bivouac in large clusters above the groimd and whose colonies may number up to a million individuals. Most of the army ants, however, are subterranean in habit, though the raiding columns of some may appear above ground. Raiding may be in columns only several ants wide or in swarms of a fan-shaped pattern. Most of the prey is other Arthropods, only occasionally vertebrates. All species have nomadic and statary activity cycles where the en- tire colony moves from one area to another, a imique behavior studied by Schneirla and Retten- meyer in the papers listed below. Borgmeier's revision of 1955 is the most definitive taxonomic work on this subfamily for the New World. He recognized 137 species in 5 genera and 2 tribes. Only the tribe Ecitonini is found in the United States; the other tribe, Cheliomyrmicini, includes a single genus of several species foimd from Mexico to Brazil In the United States, most species are found in the Southwest, though several reach the Atlantic coast and range north to Iowa, Ohio, and Virginia. Most of the taxonomy is based on males and workers, and for some species only one caste is known. Further study and association of castes may result in some synonymy, especially in Neivamyrmex. Revision: Smith, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 27: 537-590 (U. S.). — Borgmeier, 1955. Studia Ent. 3: 1-716 (New World). — Watkins, 1976. The identification and distribution of New World army ants, Baylor Univ. Press 102 pp. (keys to genera and spp. of workers and males; distribution maps). Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1943. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 36: 319-332 (larvae). —Borgmeier, 1953. Studia Ent. 2: 1-51. —Borgmeier, 1958. Studia Ent. l(n. s.): 197-208 (Ecitonini; identification of females to genus). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc. 66: 129-137 Oarvae). —Watkins 1972. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 45: 347-372 (U. S. Neivamyrmex). Biology: Wheeler, 1900. Amer. Nat. 34: 563-574. —Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 246-266. —Schneirla, 1933. Jour. Comp. Psychology 15: 267-299 (in Panama). —Schneirla, 1934. Nat. Acad. ScL, Proc. 20: 316-321 (raiding and other phenomena). —Schneirla, 1938. Jour. Comp. Psychology 25: 51-90 (theory of army ant behavior). — Schneirla, 1940. Jour. Comp. Psychology 29: 401-460 (mass organization in the swarm-raiders). — Schneirla, 1944. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 52: 153-192 (reproductive functions of queen as pace-makers of group behavior). —Schneirla 1944. Amer. PhiL Soc. Proc. 87: 438-457 (nomadism in Eciton hurchelli (Westwood)). —Schneirla, 1945. BioL BuL 88: 166-193 (nomad -statary relations in swarmers; migration). — Schneirla, 1947. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1336: 1-20 (life and Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1327 behavior under dry season conditions with reference to reproductive functions). — Schneirla, 1948. Zoologica (N. Y.) 33: 89-112 (life and behavior under dry season conditions, appearance and date of males). — Schneirla, 1948. Sci. Amer. 178: 16-23 (general). —Schneirla, 1949. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 94: 1-82 (life and behavior under dry season conditions, course of reproduction and colony behavior). — Schneirla, 1950. (Mex.) Inst, de Biol., An. 20: 371-384 (environmental adaptations). — Schneirla and Brown, 1950. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 95: 269-233 (life and behavior under dry season conditions, cyclic processes in behavioral and reproductive functions). — Schneirla and Brown, 1952. Zoologica (N. Y. ) 37: 5-32 (sexual broods and production of young queens). — Schneirla, 1953. Insectes Sociaux 1: 29-41 (army ant queen). — Schneirla, Brown and Brown, 1954. Ecol. Monog. 24: 269-296. (bivouac or temporary nest as adaptive factor in terrestrial species). — Tafuri, 1955. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 63: 21-41 (growth and polymorphism of larva of Eciton hamatum (F.)). — Schneirla, 1956. Insectes Sociaux 3: 49-69 (colony division and related processes). — Schneirla, 1956. Smithsn. Inst. Ann. Rpt., 1955 pp. 379-406 (army ants, general). —Schneirla, 1957. Insectes Sociaux 4: 259-298 (comparison of functional patterns in army ants). — Schneirla, 1957. Amer. Phil. Soc, Proc. 101: 106-133 (theoretical consideration of cyclic processes). — Schneirla, 1958. Insectes Sociaux 5: 215-255 (behavior and biology of Neivamyrmex nigrescens (Cresson) and N. opacithorax (Emery)). — Brown, 1960. Psyche (56: 25-27 (alarm and attack behavior). — Schneirla, 1960. Smithsn. Treasury of Science. Simon and Schuster, N. Y., pp. (564-696 (army ants, general). —Schneirla, 1961. Ztschr. f. Tierpsychol. 18: 1-32 (sexual broods and colony division of Neivamyrmex nigrescens (Cresson)). — Rettenmeyer, 1961. Kans. Univ., Sci. Bui. 42: 993-1066 (biology and taxonomy of flies over swarms of army ants). —Rettenmeyer, 1963. Univ. Kans., Sci. Bui. 44: 287-465 (behavioral studies of army ants in Canal Zone and Kansas). —Schneirla, 1963. Animal Behavior 11: 583-595 (springtime resurgence of cyclic function, Arizona species). — Rettenmeyer, 1960. XI. Intemat. Kong, fur Ent., Wien. 1960, 1: 610-612 (mites associated with army ants). —Rettenmeyer, 1962. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 35: 377-384 (millipedes associated with army ants). —Rettenmeyer, 1963. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 56: 170-174 (Thysanura associated vdth army ants). — Watkins, 1964. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 37: 22-28 (trail following). —Watkins and Cole, 1966. Tex. Jour. Sci. 18: 254-265 (attraction of workers to secretion of queens). — Akre and Rettenmeyer, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 745-782 (Staphylinidae associated vdth army ants). —Watkins, Cole, and Baldridge, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 40: 146-151 (trail follov^dng and trail preference). —Akre and Rettenmeyer, 1968. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 41: 165-174 (trail following by guests of army ants). —Akre, 1968. Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 87-101 (Histeridae associated with army ants). — Rettenmeyer and Akre, 1968. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 61: 1317-1326 (ectosymbiosis between phorid flies and army ants.). — Kannowsld, 1969. Intemat. Union for study of social insects, VI Cong., Proc 6: 77-83 (daUy and seasonal periodicities in nuptial flights). — Torgerson and Akre, 1970. Melanderia 5: 1-28 (persistence of army ant chemical trails and their significance in Ecitonine-Ecitophile association). —Torgerson and Akre, 1970. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 43: 395-404 (interspecific responses to trail and alarm pheromones). —Schneirla, 1971. Army Ants: A Study in Social Organization. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. 349 pp. — Topoff, 1971. Amer. Nat. 105: 529-548 (polymorphism related to division of labor and colony cyclic behavior). Morphology: Hagen, 1954. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1663: 1-12 (anatomy of queen of Eciton). — Hagen, 1954. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1664: 1-17 (Reproductive system of queen of Eciton). —Hagen, 1954. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1665: 1-20 (oocyte cycle). — Lappano, 1958. Insectes Sociaux 5: 31-66 (morphological study of larval development in all worker broods of Eciton burchelli (Westwood). — Whelden, 1963. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 71: 158-178 (reproductive system of worker and female of Eciton hxiniatum{F.) and Eciton burchelli (Westwood)). —Whelden, 1963. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 71: 246-261 (antennae and legs of £. hamatum and E. burchelli). Tribe ECITONINI Genus LABIDUS Jurine Labidus Jurine, 1807. Nouv. Meth. Class. Hym. Dipt., p. 282. Type-species: Labidus latreillii Jurine. Monotypic 1328 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Nycteresia Roger, 1861. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 5: 21. Type-species: Formica coeca Latreille. Monotypic. Pseudodicthadia Andre, 1885. Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg. 2: 838. Type-species: Pseudodicthadia iyicerta Andre. Monotypic. A neotropical genus of 8 species, one of which reaches the United States. Revision: Borgmeier, 1955. Studia Ent. 3: 80-134. Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 66: 134 (larvae). Biology: Rettenmeyer, 1963. Kans. Univ., Sci. Bui. 44: 403-424 (behavioral studies in Canal Zone). coecus (Latreille). S. Ark., La., Okla., Tex. s. to Argentina. Ecology: The large colonies, usually with many thousands of individuals, are found in more or less temporary nests in decayed logs and stumps or in ground beneath objects. They are subterranean and nocturnal. Food consists of other arthropods, small mammals, birds, and nuts. Workers are highly predaceous and are known to feed on injurious insects such as the immature stages of the screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel)) and the secondary screwworm (C. macellaria (F.)). Formica omnivora Olivier, 1791. Encycl. Meth. Hist. Nat. 6: 496. $. Preocc. by Linnaeus, 1758. Formica coeca Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Fourmis, v. 9, p. 270. $ . Labidus latreillii J urine, 1807. Nouv. Meth. Class. Hym. Dipt., p. 283. 6. Labidus jurini Shuckard, 1840. Ann. Nat. Hist. 5: 198. cJ . Labidus servillei Westwood, 1842. Arcana Ent., v. 1, p. 75. 6. Mutilla (Labidus) fulvescens Blanchard, 1849. In Cuvier, Regne Animale, ed. 3, v. 2, pi. 118, fig. 2. Labidus saji (!) Haldeman, 1852. In Stanbury, Exped. Great Salt Lake, p. 367. S. Labidus atriceps Smith, 1859. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 7, p. 5. 6. Labidus pilosus Smith, 1859. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 7, p. 7. 6. Labidus panzeri Smith, 1859. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 7, p. 72. 6 . Eciton vastator Smith, 1860. Jour. Ent., London 1: 71. 5. Eciton erratica Smith, 1860. Jour. Ent., London 1: 71. 5. Myrmica rubra Buckley, 1867. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 335. 5 . Preocc. in Myrmica by Linnaeus, 1758. Pseudodicthadia incerta Andre, 1885. Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg. 2: 838. 9 . Eciton smithii Dalla Torre, 1892. Cat. Hym., v. 7, p. 6. N. name for L. pilosus Smith. Eciton coecum var. biloba Emery, 1901. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 45: 51. S. Eciton nigrita Emery, 1901. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 45: 52. S. Eciton coecum var. kulowi Forel, 1901. Mitt. Nat. Mus. Hamburg 18: 47. cJ. Eciton selysi Forel, 1904. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 48: 169. 5 . Eciton grassator Forel, 1911. Deut. Ent. Ztschr., p. 288. 9. Eciton (Labidus) coecum servillei var. hostilis Santschi, 1920. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 88: 368. S. Eciton (Labidus) coecum var. opcunfrons Wheeler, 1921. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 56:310. 5. Eciton (Labidus) coecum var. elsbethae Forel, 1922. Rev. Suisse Zool. 30: 91. 6. Eciton (Labidus) serpentis Weber, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 209. 5. Taxonomy: Weber, 1941. Amer. Midland Nat. 26: 238 (queen). —Wheeler, 1943. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 36: 332 Oarva). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 66: 135 (larva). Biology: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., BuL 24: 408-409. — Lindquist, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35: 850 (as predators of screwworms). —Hess, 1958. Field and Lab. 26: 35-37. — Kempf, 1961. Studia Ent. 4(n.s.): 551-552 (as a cave ant). — Rettenmeyer, 1963. Kans. Univ., Sci. Bui. 44: 41&424. —Smith, 1965. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 1326, pp. 17-18. — Watkins and Cole, 1966. Tex. Jour. Sci. 18: 254-26i5 (attraction of workers to secretion of queens). —Watkins, Cole, and Baldridge, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 40: 146-151 (trail following and trail preference). Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1329 Morphology: Borgmeier, 1957. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 17: 390 (maxillary and labial palps). — Gotwald, 1969. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. (Cornell Univ.) Mem. 408, p. 127 (mouthparts). Genus NOMAMYRMEX Borgmeier Eciton subg. Nomamyrmex Borgmeier, 1936. Inst. Biol. Veg. Arq. 3: 55. Type-species: Eciton crassicome Smith. Orig. desig. A genus of two species, a subspecies of only one reaching the United States. They are subter- ranean though carrying on terrestrial raids. Raiding is in columns of several ants wade and a few meters long and is sometimes done during the daylight hours. Revision: Borgmeier, 1955. Studia Ent. 3: 135-161. Taxonomy: Borgmeier, 1953. Studia Ent. 2: 4. —Borgmeier, 1958. Studia Ent. 1 (n. s.): 201-203. Biology: Rettenmeyer, 1963. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 44: 424-432 (behavioral studies in Canal Zone; esenbeckii crassicomis (Smith)). Morphology: Borgmeier, 1957. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 17: 390 (maxillary and labial palps). esenbeckii wilsoni (Santschi). Extreme s. Tex. to Costa Rica. N. esenbeckii esenbeckii (Westwood) is South American. Literature references for esenbeckii (Westwood) and crassicomis (Smith) from Texas pertain to wilsoni. Eciton {Labidits) Esenbecki Wilsoni Santschi, 1919. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 88: 366. 6. Eciton (Holopone) crassicomis mordax Santschi, 1928. Deut. Ent. Ztschr., p. 415. 5. Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 409 (male). Genus NEIVAMYRMEX Borgmeier ^ * Eciton subg. Acamatus Emery, 1894. Soc. Ent. Ital., Bol. 26: 181. Preocc. by Schoenherr, 1833. Type-species: Eciton {Acamatus) schmitti Emery. Desig. by Wheeler, 1911. Eciton subg. Neivamyrmex Borgmeier, 1940. Rev. de Ent. 11: 606. N. name for Acamatiis Emery. Woitkowskia Enzmann, 1952. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 59: 443. Type-species: Woitkowskia connectens Enzmann. Orig. desig. About 115 species are known for this New World genus, but only 23 are found north of Mex- ico. Most species are found in the southwestern states with a few ranging east to the Atlantic coast and as far north as Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa. The species are hypogaeic and are found in the soil under objects, though some have been reported from rotten logs and stumps. Some may carry on their foraging and emigrating activities during daylight, but most are ap- parently nocturnal in their activities. Most colonies have one functional queen, and new colonies are produced by fission. The cyclic pattern of nomadic and statary phases is similar to the tropi- cal species, but in most Nearctic species the activity stops in the autumn and resumes again in the spring. Because many of the species listed below were described from a single caste, future study and caste association may reveal that fewer species actuaUy exist. Revision: Smith, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 27: 537-590 (U. S. species). —Borgmeier, 1955. Studia Ent. 3: 277-651 (New World species). Taxonomy: Borgmeier, 1950. Rev. de Ent. 21: 624. — Watkins, 1971. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 44: 93-103 (key to major workers and queens of U. S.). —Watkins, 1972. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 45: 347-372 (keys for each caste and distribution of U. S. species). Biology: Schneirla, 1958. Insectes Sociaux 5: 215-255 Oast part of fimctional season, s.e. Ariz.). —Schneirla, 1961. Ztschr. f. Tierpsychologie 18: 1-32 (sexual broods and colony division). —Schneirla, 1963. Animal Behaviour 11: 583-595 (spring resurgence of cyclic function, s.e. Ariz.). —Rettenmeyer, 1963. Kans. Univ., Sci. Bui. 44: 433-452 (behavioral studies). —Watkins, 1964. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 37: 22-28 (trail foUowing). —Watkins and Cole, 1966. Tex. Jour. Sci. 18: 254-265 (attraction of workers to secretions of queens). —Watkins, Cole, and Baldridge, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 40: 146-151 (trail following and 1330 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico trail preference). — Plsek, Kroll, and Watkins, 1969. Kans. Ent. See., Jour. 42: 452-456 (association with carabids). Morphology: Borgmeier, 1957. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 17: 392-393 (maxillary and labial palps). ag^lis Borgmeier. S. Ariz.; Mexico. Only the worker is known. Neivamyrmex agilis Borgmeier, 1953. Studia Ent. 2: 45. 5 . andrei (Emery). N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico. Only the male is known. Eciton andrei Emery, 1901. Soc. Ent. Ital., Bol. 33: 53. <5. Eciton (Acamatus) oslari Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 415. S. baylori Watkins. Tex. (Waco). Neivamyrmex baylori Watkins, 1973. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 46: 430-433. i. califomicus (Mayr). Utah, Nev., Calif. Only the worker and queen are known. Eciton califamicum Mayr, 1870. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien., Verb. 20: 969. 5 . Eciton (Acamatus) califomicum. var. obscura Forel, 1914. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat., Bui. 50: 265. 5. Taxonomy: Watkins, 1972. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 45: 363-366 (queen, distribution). Biology: Mallis, 1938. Sci. Monthly 47: 220-226. — Mallis, 1941. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 40: 62. carolinensis (Emery). Va., N. C, S. C, Ga., Fla., Ohio, Tenn., Ala., Miss., La., Nebr., Kans., N. Mex., Ariz. All castes are known. Eciton (Acamatus) carolinense Emery, 1894. Soc. Ent. Ital., Bol. 26: 184. 5. Biology: Smith, 1928. Ent. News 39: 245. —Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 278, 304. —Watkins, 1964. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 37: 22-28 (trail following). —Watkins and Rettenmeyer, 1967. Psyche 74: 228-233 (effect of queen on longevity of workers). fallax Borgmeier. La., Kans., Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico; Guatemala. Only the worker is known. Literature references for commutatum (Emery) for N. Amer. north of Mexico should be referred to fallcuc. Neivamyrmex fallax Borgmeier, 1953. Studia Ent. 2: 48. 9. fuscipennis (Wheeler). Kans., e. Tex. Only the male is known. Acamatus fiiscipennis Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 417. 6. Misdet. as spoliator Forel, hut fiiscipennis validated by pi. 26, fig. 12. Taxonomy: Watkins, 1975. Southwest. Nat. 20: 85-90 (relationship to N. macropterus Borgmeier; lectotype). harrisii (Haldeman). Okla., Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico. AH castes are known. Records citing this species from Utah are probably incorrect. Labidus harrisii Haldeman, 1852. In Stanbury, Exped. Great Salt Lake, p. 367. ecies: Amblyopone australis Erichson. Monotypic. Stigmatornma Roger, 1859. Berlin Ent. Ztschr. 3: 250. Type-species: Stigmatornma denticulatum Roger. Desig. by Bingham, 1903. Arotropus Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 205. Type-species: Arotropus binodostis Provancher. Monotypic. Amblyopopana Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 154. Emend. Stigmatmnma subg. Xymmer Santschi, 1914. Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici 8: 311. Type-sf)ecies: Stigmatornma {Xymmer) muticum Santschi. Monotypic. Stigmatornma subg. Fulakora Mann, 1919. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 63: 279. Type-sp»ecies: Stigmatornma {Fulakora) celata Mann. Orig. desig. Amblyopone subg. Neoamblyopone Clark, 1927. In Wheeler, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc 62: 1. Type-species: Amlyopone {Neoamblyopone) clarki Wheeler. Monotypic. Amblyopone subg. Protamblyopone Clark, 1927. In Wheeler, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc. 62: 1. Type-species: Amblyopone {Protamblyopone) aberrans Wheeler. Monotypic. Lithomyrmex Clark, 1928. Roy. Soc. W. Austrjilia, Jour. 14: 30. Type-si)ecies: Lithomyrmex gUvuerti Clark. Orig. desig. Ericapelta Kusnezov, 1955. Zool. Anz. 154: 273. Type-species: Ericapelta egregia Kusnezov, Monotypic. This genus is represented in the tropical and temperate regions of the world though it is more highly developed in the Australian Region than elsewhere. The Nearctic forms commonly occur in wooded areas, especially those that are well shaded. They are subterranean, and the workers are timid and slow of movement. The female of pallipes forages for food during the period of nest founding, an archaic habit in ants. Revision: Creighton, 1940. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1079: 1-8. —Brown, 1960. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., BuL 122: 155-169. Taxonomy: Brown, 1949. Psyche 56: 81-88. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57: 444-446 (larvae). Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1335 Biology: Haskins and Haskins, 1951. Amer. Midland Nat. 45: 432-445 (colony founding of A. aiistralis Erichson). Morphology: Eisner, 1957. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. ZooL, Bui. 116: 476 (proventriculus). oregonense CWheeler). B. C, Wash., Oreg., Calif. Ecology: Usually at low elevations in the coastal mountains. Stigmatomma pallipes oregonense Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34: 389. 5 , 9. Taxonomy: Brown, 1960. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 122: 169, 183. pallipes (Haldeman). Ont., Que. s. to Ga. w. to Wis., Iowa, Okla., Colo., Tex., Ariz. Ecology: The small colonies are most common in areas of heavy cover and considerable precipitation. Chilopods appear to be the main food source. Typhlopone pallipes Haldeman, 1844. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 2: 54. 5 . Stigmatomma serratum Roger, 1859. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 3: 251. 5. Arotrojms binodosus Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 206. 9 . Stigmatomma pallidipesC.) var. Wheelen Santschi, 1913. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 57: 429. 5, 9,3. Stigmntomma pallipes arizonense Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34: 389. 5 . Stigmatomma pallipes m,ontigena Creighton, 1940. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1079: 2, 7. 5 , 9 . Stigmatomma pallipes subterranea Creighton, 1940. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1079: 3, 8. 5 . Taxonomy: Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 261-262 (each caste). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 114 (larva). — Brovm, 1960. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool, Bui. 122: 169, 183-185. — Francoeur and Beique, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98: 141 (Provancher types). Biology: Wheeler, 1900. Biol. Bui. 2: 56-64. —Haskins, 1928. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 36: 179-184. — Buren, 1944. Iowa State Col., Jour. Sci. 18: 279. —Cole, 1953. Tenn. Acad. Sci., Jour. 28: 84. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 279-282. Morphology: Whelden, 1957. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 65: 1-21 (anatomy). — Gotwald, 1969. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. (Cornell Univ.), Mem. 408: 25-42 (mouthparts). trigonigrnatha Brown. N. C. (Concord). Ecology: Sifted from leaf mold in Berlese funnel. Am,blyopone (Stigmatom.ma) trigonignatha Brown, 1949. Psyche 56: 81-84. 5. Taxonomy: Brown, 1960. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 122: 169, 185. Genus PRIONOPELTA Mayr Prionopelta Mayr, 1866. Akad. der Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. Kl. Sitzber. 53: 503. Type-species: Prionopelta punctulata Mayr. Monotypic. Renea Donisthorpe, 1947. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 14: 183. Preocc. by NeviU, 1880. Type-species: Renea testacea Donisthorpe. Orig. desig. Examblyopone Donisthorpe, 1949. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (12) 2: 401. Type-species: Examblyopone churchilli Donisthorpe. Orig. desig. A tropicopolitan genus of small, soil-inhabiting ants. Revision: Brown, 1960. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 122: 173-178. Taxonomy: Brown, 1951. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., BuL 46: 102. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 120 (larvae). —Brown, 1953. Breviora 11: 11. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57: 447 (larvae; Prirwpelta{!)). antillana Forel. Fla. (Juniper Springs, Marion Co.); W. Indies, Central America to Brazil, Bolivia (?). Ecology: Specimens have been foimd in soil. Prionopelta punctulata antillana Forel, 1909. Deut. Ent. Ztschr., p. 239. 5 . Taxonomy: Brown, 1960. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 122: 178. Biology: Kempf, 1961. Studia Ent. 4: 489-490 (in soil samples in Surinam). Tribe PLATYTHYREINI Revision: Brown, 1975. Search, Agr., Ent. (Ithaca) 15, 5 (1): 4-11 (world genera and species). 1336 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Taxonomy: Brown, 1952. Breviora 6: 1-6. Genus PLATYTHYREA Roger Platythyrea Roger, 1863. Berlin Ent. Ztschr. 7: 172. Type-species: Pachycondyla pu7ictata Smith. Desig. by Bingham, 1903. A tropicopolitan genus with 8 Neotropical species, only one of which reaches the United States. Taxonomy: Brown, 1952. Breviora 6: 4 (in key). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57: 446 (larvae). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1976. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 102: 41 (revised characterization of larvae). punctata (Smith). S. Fla. and s. Tex., s. to W. Indies, Central Amer., and Brazil. Ecology: Nests in small colonies up to a few hundred individuals each, usually in rotten logs and stumps or under the bark of trees in shady situations. Workers are active, forage singly, and are carnivorous and predatory. Pachycondyla punctata Smith, 1858. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 6, p. 108. 5, cj. Platythyrea pruinosa Mayr, 1870. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 20: 962. 5 . Taxonomy: Forel, 1893. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 358 (worker, female). —Mann, 1916. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. ZooL, Bui. 60: 403. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 119 (larva). Biology: Forel, 1899. Rev. Suisse Zool. 9: 335 (in Barbados). —Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 80 (in Bahamas). —Smith, 1936. Puerto Rico Univ., Jour. Agr. 20: 824 (in Puerto Rico). —Brown, 1957. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 116: 229 (in Mexico). Tribe ECTATOMMINI Revision: Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 175-362. Genus ECTATOMMA Smith Ectatomma Smith, 1859. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 6, p. 102. Type-species: Formica tuberculata Olivier. Desig. by Bingham, 1903. A Neotropical genus of about 14 species, none of which are native to the United States. One species was introduced into southern Texas for biological control purposes, but the attempt failed. Revision: Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 206-211, 295-299. Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57: 449 (larvae). Biology: Weber, 1946. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 48: 1-16 {E. tuberculatum (Olivier) and E. ruidum (Roger). tuberculatum (Olivier). S. Tex. (?); Mexico to n. Argentina. Ecology: Nests are in the soU and are composed of several hundred individuals. Workers are predatory and carnivorous and also attend membracids and aphids on plants. Introduced into Victoria Co., Texas from Guatemala in 1904-1905 to combat the cotton boll weevil. The attempted introduction led to a fiery confrontation between O. F. Cook, instigator of the experiment, and W. M. Wheeler. Known as the kelep. Formica tuberculata Olivier, 1791. Encycl. Meth., Diet. Ins., v. 6, p. 498. 9. Formica tridentata Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 42. 5 . Ectatomma fermginetis Norton, 1868. Comm. Essex Institute 6: 5. 5, 6. Ectatomma tuberculatum var. punctigerum Emery, 1890. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 10: 56. 5. Ectatomma tuberculatum var. acrista Forel, 1909. Deut. Ent. Ztschr., p. 254. 5,9. Ectatomma tuberculatum var. irregularis Santschi, 1921. Soc. Vaud. Nat. des Sci., Bui. 54: 83. 5. Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1337 Taxonomy: Lever, 1930. Ent. Monthly Mag. 66: 214 (female). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 129-133 (larva). —Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 209, 211, 298-299. — Kempf, 1962. Studia Ent. 5: 2-3. Biology: Cook, 1904. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bui. 49: 1-15. —Cook, 1904. Science 19: 862-864. —Cook, 1904. Science 20: 310-312 (pupation). —Wheeler, 1904. Science 20: 437-440 (pupation; feasibility of introduction). —Cook, 1904. Science 20: 611-612. —Wheeler, 1904. Science 20: 766-768. —Cook, 1905. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 10: 1-55. —Wheeler, 1905. Science 21: 706-710 (criticism of Cook's work). —Cook, 1906. Science 23: 187-189. —Wheeler, 1906. Science 23: 348-350. —Weber, 1946. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 48: 1-16 (biology and economic significance). Morphology: Haskins and Enzmann, 1938. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 37: 100-162 (physiology). — Gotwald, 1969. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. (Cornell Univ.), Mem. 408: 25-42 (mouthparts). Genus GNAMPTOGENYS Roger Gnamptogenys Roger, 1863. Berlin Ent. Ztschr. 7: 174. Type-species: Ponera tomata Roger. Desig. by Emery, 1911. Ectatomma subg. Stictoponera Mayr, 1887. Zool.-Bot. (Resell. Wien, Verh. 37: 539. Type-species: Ectatomma coxale Roger. Desig. by Bingham, 1903. Ectatomma subg. Holcoponera Mayr, 1887. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 37: 540. Type-species: Gtvamptogenys striatula Mayr. Desig. by Emery, 1911. Alfaria Emery, 1896. Soc. Ent. Ital., Bui. 28: 41. Type-species: Alfaria sim.ulans Emery. Monotypic. Ectatom,ma subg. Poneracantha Emery, 1897. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. (]tenova, Ann. 38: 547. Type-species: Ectatomma (Holcoponera/) bispinosum Emery. Monotypic. Rhopalopone Emery, 1897. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, Ann. 38: 549. Type-sp)ecies: RhopalopoTie epinotalis Emery. Monotypic. Emeryella Forel, 1901. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 45: 334. Type-species: Emeryella schmitti Forel. Monotypic. Ectatomma subg. Mictoponera Forel, 1901. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 45: 372. Type-species: Ectatomma (Mictoponera) diehli Forel. Monotypic. Ectatomma subg. Parectatomma Emery, 1911. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 118, p. 44. Type-species: Ectatomma (Gnamptogenys) triangulare Mayr. Orig. desig. Spaniopone Wheeler and Mann, 1914. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 33: 11. Type-sp)ecies: Spaniopone haytiana Wheeler and Mann. Monotypic. Wheeleripone Mann, 1919. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 63: 282. Type-species: Wheeleripone albiclava Mann. Orig. desig. Opisthoscyphus Mann, 1922. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 61: 4. Type-species: Opisthoscyphus scabrostis Mann. Monotypic. Ectatxymma subg. Commateta Santschi, 1929. ZooL Anz. 82: 476. Type-species: Ectatomma (Parectatomma) bruchi Santschi. Orig. desig. Ectatomma subg. Tammoteca Santschi, 1929. Zool. Anz. 82: 476. Type-species: Ectatomma concinna Smith. Orig. desig. Emeryella subg. Barbourella Wheeler, 1930. New England Zool. Club, Proc. 12: 10. Type-species: Emeryella (Barbourella) banksi Wheeler. Orig. desig. Brown (1958) treated 81 species of which about 64 are found in the New World tropics and di- vided the genus into four species groups. The question has been raised as to whether our only species is native or adventive. Revision: Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 211-241, 299-330. Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 133-134 Oarvae). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57: 540 (larvae). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1976. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 102: 43 (revised characterization of larvae). hartmani (Wheeler). La. (Lucky), Tex. (Huntsville); Honduras. Ecology: Specimens have been taken from soil under banana trees in Honduras and from nests of Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook) in La. Ectatomma, (Parectatom.ma) hartmani Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34: 390. 5. 1338 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Taxonomy: Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. ZooL, Bui. 118: 228, 230, 234, 302. — Brown, 1961. Psyche 68: 69 (from Honduras; single worker from Tex. described by Wheeler possibly a locality error or adventive specimen). Biology: Echols, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57: 137 (La.; first reproductive colonies taken in U. S.). Genus PROCERATIUM Roger Proceratium Roger, 1863. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 7: 171. Type-species: Proceratium silaceum Roger. Monotypic. Sysphingta Roger, 1863. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 7: 175. Type-species: Sysphingta micrommata Roger. Monotypic. Sysphincta Mayr, 1865. Reise d. Novara, Zool. 1 (1) Formicidae, p. 12. Emend. About 24 world species are known, most of which are found in the warmer parts of the northern temperate region of the world. They are hypogaeic, and the small colonies of two or three dozen individuals are found in well-rotted, moist wood such as that of logs and stumps. A constant, high moisture content is essential. Toward the cooler areas they may be under the deepest rocks. Workers are sluggish and carnivorous, apparently feeding almost exclusively on the eggs of other Arthropods. Revision: Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 264-266. —Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 241-248. Taxonomy: Wheeler aid Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 135-137. (larvae). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57: 451 (larvae). — Snelling, 1967. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 124: 1-10 (key to New World species). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1202 (larvae). Biology: Brown, 1958. Psyche 65: 115 (predation of arthropod eggs). califomicum Cook. Calif. Found in several scattered localities from Sutter Co. to Los Angeles Co. The worker is unknown. Procratiumd) califomicum Cook, 1953. The Ants of Calif., pp. 45-46. 6. Taxonomy: Snelling, 1967. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 124: 1-10 (female, male). croceum (Roger). Va. to Fla. w. to 111., Tex. Ponera crocea Roger, 1860. Berlin Ent. Ztschr. 4: 288. 9 . Taxonomy: Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 264 (worker, female). —Smith, 1930. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 23: 390-392 (male). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 135 (larva). Biology: Raskins, 1930. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 38: 121-126. —Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 246-247. melinum (Roger). "Carolina"; Europe. A European species that doubtfully occurs in North America and has not been collected here since it was originally described; types may have been mislabeled. Ponera melina Roger, 1860. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 4: 291. 5, 9, 6. Sysphingta Europaea Forel, 1886. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. (C. R.) 30: CLXIH. 5. Sysphincta europaea rossica Amoldi, 1930. Zool. Anz. 91: 144. 5,9. Sysphincta fialai Kratochvil, 1944. In "Mohelno." Arch. Svaz. ochr. prir. dom. Morave, Svazek 6: 54, 86. Taxonomy: Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 243, 246-248, 334 (doubtful in N. Amer.; also biological notes). pergandei (Emery). Mass. to Fla. w. to Iowa, Ark., La. Sysphincta pergandei Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 264. 5 . Taxonomy: Smith, 1928. Ent. News 39: 242-243 (male). —Cole, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 36. —Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 243, 246, 247-248, 336 (also biological notes). Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1339 Biology: Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 276, 304. —Wesson and Wesson, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 90-91 (ate only inside of gaster of dead workers of other ants.) silaceum Roger. Mass., s. Ont. (Pelee Is. and vicinity) s. to n. Fla., w. to 111., Ark., Okla. Proceratium silaceum Roger, 1863. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 7: 172. $. Proceratium crassicome Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 265. 5 . Procemtium crassicome var. vestitum Emery, 1895. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System. 8: 266. 5 . Proceratium silaceum rugulosum Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34: 390. 5 , 9. Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 137 (larva). —Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 241, 245-248, 336 (also biology). Biology: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 373, 375. —Wheeler, 1916. Ind. Acad. Sci., Proc. 26: 460. —Smith, 1928. Ent. News 29: 244. —Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 272, 273, 276, 304. —Wesson and Wesson, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 91. Morphology: Kennedy and Talbot, 1939. Ind. Acad. Sci., Proc. 48: 206-210 (each caste; also biological notes). Genus DISCOTHYREA Roger Discothyrea Roger, 1863. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 7: 176. Type-species: Discothyrea testacea Roger. Monotypic. Pseudosysphincta Arnold, 1916. South. Afr. Mus., Ann. 14: 161. Type-species: Pseudosysphincta poweri Arnold. Orig. desig. Prodiscothyrea Wheeler, 1916. Roy. Soc. South. Aust., Trans. 60: 33. Type-species: Prodiscothyrea velutina Wheeler. Monotypic. Pseudosphincta Wheeler, 1922. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 45: 645, 762. Variant spelling of Pseudosysphincta. Most of the 26 species of this genus are found in the tropical and southern temperate regions of the world. Because of their small size and cryptobiotic habits, they are not commonly collected and their biology is poorly known. The colonies are small and a number of forms have been col- lected from leaf litter, humus, and rotten logs. Revision: Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 248-253. Taxonomy: Borgmeier, 1949. Rev. BrasU. Biol. 9: 205. — Borgmeier, 1957. Acad. Brasil. de Cien., An. 29: 124-125 (male). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1202 (larvae). Biology: Brown, 1958. Psyche 64: 115 (as predators of eggs of other arthropods). testacea Roger. N. C. to Fla.; Okla. Ecology: Some have been found in pine forest litter and in soiL Discothyrea testacea Roger, 1863. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 7: 177. 5,9. Taxonomy: Weber, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 99 (worker, female). —Smith and Wing, 1954. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 62: 110-112 (worker, female). —Smith, 1955. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Bui. 50: 98 (probable type locality; collector). — Brown, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 118: 253, 341-342. Tribe PONERINI Taxonomy: Brown, 1963. Breviora 190: 1-10. Genus PACHYCONDYLA Smith PachycoTidyla Smith, 1858. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 6, p. 105. Type-species: Formica crassinoda Latreille. Desig. by Emery, 1901. Neoponera Emery, 1901. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 45: 40, 43. Type-species: Formica villosa Fabricius. Orig. desig. Euponera subg. Trachym^sopus Emery, 1911. In Wytsman, Gen. Ins., fasc. 118, p. 84. Type-species: Formica stigma Fabricius. Orig. desig. 1340 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Brown (1973) has synonymized Neoponera, Trachymesopus, and several other genera with Pachycondyla. This is a large genus in the tropical regions of the world, but only three species reach the United States. Revision: Emery, 1890. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 10: 71-74 (Pachycondyla). Taxonomy: Wilson, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 119: 352 (Trachymesopus not a subgenus of Euponera). — Kempf, 1960. Studia Ent. 3: 423-428 (New World species of Trachymesopus). —Kempf, 1961. Rev. Brasil. Ent. 10: 89-204 (Brazilian species of Pachycondyla). — Brown, 1963. Breviora 190: 6-8 (three species groups of Trachymesopus). —Kempf, 1964. Studia Ent. 7: 49-52 (key to species of Pachycondyla). — Brown, 1973. In Meggers, et al.. Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and S. Amer., pp. 178-185 (generic synonymy). harpax (Fabricius). La., Tex. s. to Brazil; W. Indies. Ecology: Colonies of about 150 individuals are found in rotten logs and stumps or in soil beneath objects. Workers avoid direct sunlight and forage in the morning and in shade for other insects and myriapods on which they feed. There are both ergatoid and normal females. Formica harpax Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 401. 5 . Pachycondyla Montezumia Smith, 1858. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 6, p. 108. 9,6. Pomerad) amplinoda Buckley, 1866. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 171. 5 . Pachycondyla Orizabana Norton, 1868. Amer. Nat. 2: 64. $ . Pachycondyla harpax var. dibullana Forel, 1901. Rev. Suisse Zool. 9: 347. 2 . Pachycondyla harpax var. irina Wheeler, 1925. Arkiv for Zool. 17A: 5. 9 . Pachycondyla harpax var. concinna Wheeler, 1925. Arkiv for Zool. 17 A: 5. 5, 9. Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 401-403 (each caste). —Brown, 1950. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 8: 247-248 (species synonymy). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 617-618 (larva). —Kempf, 1961. Rev. Brasil. Ent. 10: 194. Biology: Wheeler, 1900. Biol. Bui. 2: 1-31. — Haskins and Enzmann, 1938. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 37: 150-151 (formation of new colony; in Canal Zone). stigma (Fabricius). Fla.; W. Indies, Mexico s. to n. Argentina; S. China to Samoa, n. Queensland. Ecology: They prefer to nest in moist, dead logs or stumps, occasionally under stones. Apparently a tramp species distributed by commerce outside the New World. Whether or not it is endemic or adventive to Florida is unknown. Formica stigma Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 400. 9 . Ponera quadridentata. Smith, 1859. Linn. Soc. London, Jour. Zool. 3: 143. 9 . Ponera Americana Mayr, 1862. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 13: 722. 5 . Euponera (Trachymesopus) nixoni Donisthorpe, 1943. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, 10:441. 9. Euponera (Trachymesopus) brunneus Donisthorpe, 1947. Ann and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, 14: 300-301. 5, 9. Euponera (Trachymesopus) sexdentatus Donisthorpe, 1949. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, 1: 746. $. Taxonomy: Smith, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 27: 561-564. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 627 (larva). —Wilson, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 119: 355 (synonymy and distribution). — Wilson and Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 14: 22 (Polynesia). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1976. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 102: 55-58 (descriptions of larvae from different localities; as Mesoponera stigma). Biology: Smith, 1936. Puerto Rico Univ., Jour. Agr. 20: 824. —Haskins and Enzmann, 1938. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 37: 151 (colony formation; Canal Zone). —Kempf, 1960. Studia Ent. 3: 427-428. — WUson, 1959. Evolution 13: 128 (distribution; ecology). villosa (Fabricius). S. Tex. (as far north as San Antonio) s. to n. Argentina. Ecology: Colonies occur in the soil and in logs and stumps. Workers run rapidly in the bright sun in search of insects on which they feed. They can sting severely. The largest ponerine ant in the U.S. Formica villosa Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 409. $ . Ponera bicolor Guerin, 1845. Iconogr. Regne Anim., Ins., v. 7, p. 242. ? . Ponera pilosa Smith, 1858. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 6, p. 95. 6. Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1341 Ponera pedunculata Smith, 1858. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 6, p. 96. 5 . Taxonomy: Roger, 1861. Berlin Ent. Ztschr. 5: 1 (worker, male). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 615 (larva). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1205 (larva). Biology: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 404. Genus BRACHYPONERA Emery Euponera subg. Brachyponera Emery, 1901. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 45: 43. Type-species: Ponera sennaarensis Mayr. Orig. desig. A small genus found in the Old World. The one species in North America is adventive. Taxonomy: Wilson, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 119: 346 (not a subgenus of Euponera). — Brown, 1958. Acta Hym. 1: 21. solitaria (Smith). Va., N. C, Ga.; Japan, China, and adjacent areas. Ecology: The small colonies are found in moist, rotten wood or in soil beneath objects; they prefer dark, damp places. Food consists of small arthropods. Accidentally introduced into N. Amer. Ponera solitaria Smith, 1874. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 404. 5. Taxonomy: Smith, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 27: 558-561 (description; first record for N. Amer.). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 49: 629 (larva). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1207 (larva). Biology: Smith, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 27: 560-561. Genus CRYPTOPONE Emery Cryptopone Emery, 1892. Soc. Ent. France, Bui. 61: CCLXXV. Type-species: Amblyopone^ testacea Motschulsky. Monotypic. Most species of this genus are found in Southeast Asia and vicinity; only one, apparently en- demic species occurs in the United States. Taxonomy: Wilson, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool, Bui. 119: 357-361. —Brown, 1963. Breviora 190: 6. gilva (Roger). Ga., Tenn., Ala., Miss., Ark., La., Tex. Ecology: The smaU colonies nest in moist dead logs or stumps, preferring loose frass under bark. Ponera gilva Roger, 1863. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 7: 170. 5 . Euponera (Trachymesopus) gilva hamedi Smith, 1929. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 22: 543. 5 . Taxonomy: Smith, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 27: 561-563. — Creighton and Tulloch, 1930. Psyche 37: 73-79 (each caste). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 625-627 Garva). —Brown, 1963. Breviora 190: 6. Biology: Haskins, 1931. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 39: 507-521. —Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 277, 304. Genus PONERA Latreille Ponera Latreille, 1804. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. 24: 179. Type-species: Formica contractu Latreille. Desig. by Latreille, 1805. Pseudocryptopone Wheeler, 1933. Amer. Mus. Novitates 672: 12-13. Type-sf)ecies: Cryptopone tenuis Emery. Orig. desig. Selenopane Wheeler, 1933. Amer. Mus. Novitates 672: 19. Type-species: Ponera selenophora Emery. Orig. desig. Taylor (1967) treated 28 world species and divided the genus into several species groups. Most species are found in the Indo-Australian area The only two New World species are North American. Most forms are found in forested areas where they nest in small colonies in rotten wood or stumps or in the soil beneath cover. The workers are carnivorous. Revision: Smith, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29: 420-430 (in part; U. S.). —Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 13: 1-112 (world). 1342 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Taxonomy: Wilson, 1957. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 116: 356-357. —Brown, 1958. Acta Hym. 1: 22-23. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1208 (larvae). Species Group Leae exotica Smith. N. C, Okla. Ecology: Specimens are all from Berlese samples of leaf litter or leaf mold. Possibly introduced. Affinities are with the I ndo- Australian fauna. Ponera exotica Smith, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 378-382. 5,9. Taxonomy: Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 13: 96-97. Species Group Coarctata pennsylvanica Buckley. N. S., Que. s. to Fla. w. to Ont., N. Dak., Colo., Utah, N. Mex. Ecology: Most abimdant in the eastern deciduous forests, east of the 97th meridian, with only scattered records in the western states. Nests are found under rotting logs, in rotting stumps, small fragments of wood, acorns and other objects, or in soil or leaf mold. In drier habitats they may nest under stones. Workers forage in or on the ground and are carnivorous. Only occasionally a household pest. Ponera Pennsylvanica Buckley, 1866. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 171. 9 . Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 631 Garva). —Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 13: 29-38 (also biology, ecology). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1210 (larva). Biology: Wheeler, 1900. Biol. Bui. 2: 22-23, 43-56. —Wheeler, 1917. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bui. 22: 581. — HasWns and Enzmann, 1938. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 37: 152-155 (colony formation). — Headley, 1952. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 45: 436-438. — Kannowski, 1959. Insectes Sociaux 6: 118 (colony founding). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 91-92. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 281-282, 284. Morphology: Gotwald, 1969. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. (Cornell Univ.) Mem. 408: 25-42 (mouthparts). Genus HYPOPONERA Santschi Ponera subg. Hypoponera Santschi, 1938. Soc. Ent. France, Bui. 43: 79. Type-species: Ponera aheillei Andre. Orig. desig. A large cosmopolitan genus whose habits are similar to those of species of Ponera. Prior to Taylor, 1967, the species below were assigned to the genus Ponera. Revision: Smith, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29: 420-430 (in part, as Ponera; U. S.). Taxonomy: Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 13: 9-14 (a distinct genus). —Taylor, 1968. Ent. News 79: 63-66 (list of N. Amer. species). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1210 Garvae). gleadowi (Forel). Md. (Priest Bridge); Asia. Apparently a widespread tramp species. Possibly introduced. No other confirmed records from the U. S. Ponera Gleadowi Forel, 1895. R. Accad. Sci. Bologna, Mem. 5: 292-293. 5. Ponera japonica formosae Forel, 1913. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 79: 186. Ponera oblongiceps Smith, 1939. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 41: 76-78. 9,9, apterous ergatoid 6. Taxonomy: Wilson, 1958. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 119: 326 (Melanesia; provisional synonymy). —Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 13: 11, 12, 76. —Wilson and Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 14: 29 (unknown from Polynesia; synonymy given for gleadowi by Wilson, 1958 provisionally transferred to synonymy of punctatissinw, (Roger)). —Taylor, 1968. Ent. News 79: 65 (U. S.). inexorata (Wheeler). S. C. to Fla. w. to Tex., Ariz.; s. to Central Amer. Ponera inexorata Wheeler, 1903. Psyche 10: 94. 5 , 9 . Taxonomy: Taylor, 1968. Ent. News 79: 65. Biology: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 406. Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1343 opaciceps (Mayr). S. C. to Fla. w. to Colo., Ariz.; s. to Argentina, W. Indies; s. e. Asia, Polynesia. Probably spread from New World to Old World by commerce. Ponera opaciceps Mayr, 1887. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien., Verb. 37: 536. $ . Ponera perkinsi Forel, 1899. Faiina Hawaiiensis, p. 117. 5, 9, d. Ponera andrei Emery, 1900. Termes. Fuzetek 23: 318. 5 . Taxonomy: Smith, 1929. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 22: 545-546. —Smith and Haug, 1931. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 24: 507-509 (ergatandrous form). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 364 (larva). — Kempf, 1962. Studia Ent. 5: 7-9. —Wilson and Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 14: 28 (Polynesia). —Taylor, 1968. Ent. News 79: 65. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1210 (larva). Biology: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 125, 404. —Smith, 1927. Ent. News 38: 308-309. —Kempf, 1960. Studia Ent. 3: 391. —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 283-284. opacior (Forel). Va. to Fla. w. to Ohio, Iowa, Colo., Tex.; Oreg., Calif.; Mexico s. to Chile, Argentina; W. Indies. More sporadically distributed west of Tex. than in eastern states. Ponera trigona var. opacior Forel, 1893. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 363. 3,9. Taxonomy: Taylor, 1968. Ent. News 79: 65. Biology: Dennis, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 272, 274, 277, 304 (Tenn.) —Cole, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 37 (Smoky Mts.). — Mallis, 1941. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 40: 63 (Calif.). —Potts, 1948. Pan-Pacific Ent. 24: 26 (Calif.). —Gregg, 1963. Ants of Colo., pp. 284-286. punctatissima (Roger). Fla., Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.; s. to Central Amer., W. Indies; Europe, N. Africa. Ecology: Nearly cosmopolitan in warmer parts of world. Possibly introduced; probably of African origin. Ponera punctatissima Roger, 1859. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 3: 246-248. $ , 9 . Ponera androgyna Roger, 1859. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 3: 254. Ergatoid 6. Ponera ergatandria Forel, 1893. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 365. 5,9, apterous ergatoid 6. Ponera punctatissima schauinslandi Emery, 1899. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System 12: 439. 9. Taxonomy: Smith, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29: 422, 425-426 (female, worker, apterous ergatoid male). —Wilson and Taylor, 1967. Pacific Ins. Monog. 14: 28-29 (Polynesia; synonymy under gleadovn (Forel) listed by Wilson, 1958, Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 119: 328-329 provisionaUy transferred to punctatissima. This synonymy is not listed above). —Taylor, 1968. Ent. News 79: 65. Biology: Smith, 1936. Puerto Rico Univ., Jour. Agr. 20: 825. —Mallis, 1941. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 40: 63. Genus LEPTOGENYS Roger Only a single species of this tropicopolitan genus is known to occur in the United States. Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1976. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 102: 49 (revised characterization of larvae). Genus LEPTOGENYS Subgenus LEPTOGENYS Roger Leptogenys Roger, 1861. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 5: 41. Type-species: Leptogenys falcigera Roger. Desig. by Bingham, 1903. Dorylozelus Forel, 1915. Arkiv for Zool. 9: 24-25. Type-species: Dorylozelus joebergi Forel. Monotypic. Microbolbos Donisthorpe, 1948. Entomologist 81: 170. Type-species: Microbolbos testacev^ Donisthorpe. Orig. desig. Not known to occur in the Nearctic Region. Genus LEPTOGENYS Subgenus LOBOPELTA Mayr Lobopelta Mayr, 1862. Zool.-Bot. GeseU. Wien, Verb. 12: 733. Type-species: Ponera diminuta Smith. Desig. by Bingham, 1903. 1344 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico Revision: Wheeler, 1923. Amer. Mus. Novitates 90: 1-16. elongata elongata (Buckley). La., Tex. Ecology: The small colonies are found in the soil. The workers apparently forage singly and feed largely, if not exclusively, on pillbugs. There is no typical female as with most ants, reproduction being carried on by a wingless, slightly modified worker form with an enlarged gaster. Ponera Texana Buckley, 1866. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 170. $ . A questionable synonym. Ponera elongata Buckley, 1866. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 172. 5 . Lobopelta septentrionalis Mayr, 1866. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verb. 36: 438. 5 . Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1904. Biol. Bui. 6: 257-259 (worker, gynaecoid female, male). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 641 (larva). —Wheeler, 1900. Biol. Bui. 2: 1-31. Morphology: Hermann, 1969. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 42: 239-243 (poison apparatus). elongata manni Wheeler. Fla. Leptogenys {Lobopelta) elongata manni Wheeler, 1923. Amer. Mus. Novitates 90: 14-15. 5 . Tribe ODONTOMACHINI Genus ODONTOMACHUS Latreille Odontomachus Latreille, 1804. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. 24: 179. Type-sp)ecies: Formica haematoda Linnaeus. Monotypic. Four forms of this tropicopolitan genus reach the southern portions of the United States. All of these have previously been considered as subspecies of the Neotropical O. haematodus (L.). Most colonies are small and are found in soil or in rotting logs and stumps. Workers are predaceous and carnivorous. Species of this genus have elongated, linear mandibles and long hairs which arise between the bases of the mandibles and point forward. These hairs act as trig- gers when the mandibles are open. When the hairs are touched, the mandibles snap shut result- ing in a clicking sound. If the mandibles close suddenly on a small object, the object may be cut in two; if they close suddenly on a large object and the mandibles slide over it, the ant is thrown in a series of leaps by the force of its closing mandibles. Revision: Smith, 1939. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 47: 125-130 (U. S.). Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 646 (larvae). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amfer., Ann. 57: 455-456 flarvae). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1212 (larvae). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1976. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 102: 61 (revised characterization of larvae). Biology: Wheeler, 1900. Biol. Bui. 2: 1-31. —Wheeler, 1922. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 45: 99-103. — Weyer, 1930. Zool. Anz. 90: 49-55 (leaping habits). Morphology: Eisner, 1957. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 116: 475-476 (proventriculus). clams Roger. La., Tex.; Mexico, Clarion Is., W. Indies. Ecology: Found in semi-desert regions where colonies occur in coarse, gravelly soil, fully exposed to the sun. Odontomachus clams Roger, 1861. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 5: 26. 5 . Odontomachus texana Buckley, 1867. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 355. 5 . Odontomachus haematoda clarionensis Wheeler, 1934. Pan-Pacific Ent. 10: 141. 5 . Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 407 (worker, female, male). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 648-650 (larva). —Taylor and Wilson, 1961. Psyche 68: 142. Biology: Wheeler, 1900. Biol. Bui. 2: 1-31. — Haskins and Enzmann, 1938. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 37: 100-143. coninodis Wheeler. Ariz. (Huachuca Mtns.). Ecology: Small colonies are in coarse gravelly soil under stones at high elevations, usually over 5000 ft. Odontomachus haematoda coninodis Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34: 391. Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1345 desertorum Wheeler. N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico. Ecology: Small colonies are in coarse gravelly soil under stones. Found at lower elevations than coninodis. Odontomachus kaematoda desertorum Wheeler, 1915. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 34: 391. 5. Biology: Cole, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 27: 394. insularis Guerin. Ga., Fla., Ala.; Mexico to Brazil, W. Indies, Cocos Is., Clipperton Is. Ecology: Colonies may be in soil or in rotting logs and stumps. Possibly adventive in the U. S., distributed by commerce. Odontomachus insularis Guerin, 1844. Iconogr. Regne Anim. Ins., v. 7, p. 423. 5 . Taxonomy: Roger, 1861. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 5: 26 (worker, male). —Taylor and Wilson, 1961. Psyche 68: 142 (distribution). Biology: Haskins and Enzmann, 1938. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ann. 37: 149 (formation of new colonies). Subfamily PSEUDOMYRMECINAE A small subfamily with one genus in the New World and several genera in the Old World tropics. M. R. Smith (1951) named this subfamily Leptaleinae based on the genus Leptalea Erichson, but later (1952) found an earlier valid generic name, Pseudomyrmex Lund, and changed the subfamily name to Pseudomyrmecinae which has become vddely established. Taxonomy: Smith, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2: 788 (Leptaleinae). —Smith, 1952. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 54: 97-98 (Pseudomyrmecinae). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973. Psyche 80: 204-211 (larvae). Genus PSEUDOMYRMEX Lund Pseudomyrme Lund, 1831 (June). Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 23: 137. Latreille ms.; vernacular. Pseudom.yrmex Lund, 1831 (November). Notizen aus dem (Jebiete der Natur und Heilkunde 32(7): 106. Latreille ms. Type-species: Formica gracilis Fabricius. Desig. by Smith, 1952. Leptalea Erichson, 1839. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 5: 309. Klug ms. Type-species: Formica gracilis Fabricius. Desig. by Wheeler, 1911. Myrmex Guerin, 1844. Iconogr. Regne Anim., Ins., v. 7, p. 427. Preocc. by Sturm, 1826. Type-species: Formica (Myrmex) perboscii Guerin. Monotypic. Pseiuiom,yrmxi Guerin, 1844. Iconogr. Regne Anim., Ins., v. 7, p. 427. emend. Leptalaea Spinola, 1851. Accad. Sci. Torino, Mem. 13: 68. Emend. Over 190 forms of Psevxkrmyrmex have been described, but only five reach the southern por- tions of the United States. These ants prefer to nest almost exclusively in preformed plant cavi- ties such as twigs and branches of trees, stems of plants, acacia thorns, and in culms of sedges and grasses. Some species may be restricted to one species of plant or even to one part of the plant. Among these are the acacia nesting species which nest in the swollen bases of the larger spines. Janzen (1967) studied a case of obligatory mutualism between a species of Pseudomyr- mex and Acacia in Mexico and fotind that the ant is dependent on the acacia for food and the acacia is dependent on the ant for a substantial part of its life in order to produce seeds and become part of the reproductive population. The ant colony protects the plant from damaging factors such as defoliators and thereby assures its own survival on the plant which is its only food source. Revision: Mayr, 1870. Akad. der Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. Kl. Sitzber. 61: 40&413. Taxonomy: Smith, 1952. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 54: 97-98 (correct generic name). — Creighton, 1955. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 63: 19-20 (key to workers of U. S.). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1956. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 49: 376-379 (larvae). — Kempf, 1958. Studia Ent. (n. s.) 1: 434 (gracilis (Fabricius) group). Biology: Wheeler, 1913. 2nd Intematl. Cong. Ent., Oxford, Trans. 2: 109-139 (observations on Central American Acacia ants). — Wheeler and Bailey, 1920. Amer. Phil. Soc., Trans, (n. s.) 22: 235-279 (feeding habits). —Brown, 1960. Ecology 41: 589-592 (ants, acacias and 1346 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico browsing mammals), ^anzen, 1966. Evolution 20: 249-275 (coevolution of mutualism between ants and acacias in Central America). — Janzen, 1967. Kans. Univ., Sci. Bui. 48: 315-558 (interaction of the bull's-hom acacia with an ant inhabitant {Pseudamyrmex ferruginea Smith) in eastern Mexico). Janzen, 1967. Ecology 48: 26-35 (fire, vegetation structure and the ant acacia interaction in Central America). — Janzen, 1969. The Condor 71: 240-256 (the ant acacia interaction and birds in Central America.). Morphology: Eisner, 1957. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 116: 452-453 (proventriculus). — Gotwald, 1969. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta (Cornell Univ.), Mem. 408: 128 (mouthparts). apache Creighton. S. Tex., s. N. Mex., s. Ariz., s. Calif.; n. Mexico. Ecology: Most colonies have been found in sizeable limbs or trunks of species of Quercus and Prosopis. Psevdomyrmex apache Creighton, 1952. Psyche 59: 134-139. 5, 9, 6. Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1956. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 49: 380 (larva). Biology: Creighton, 1954. Psyche 61: 9-15. —Creighton, 1963. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2156: 1-4 (high mortality during cold snap). brunneus (Smith). N. C. to Fla. w. to Tex. s. to Central Amer.; W. Indies. Ecology: Colonies have been found in dead twigs of various plants and in culms of grasses and sedges. Pseudomyrma brunnea Smith, 1877. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 63. 5 . Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 420-421. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1956. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 49: 382 (larva). Biology: Mitchell and Pierce, 1912. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 14: 69. —Wheeler, 1932. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 40: 3. elongatus (Mayr). Fla., Tex. s. to S. Amer.; W. Indies. Ecology: Colonies have been found in twigs of trees and in culms of grasses and sedges. Psevdomyrma elongata Mayr, 1870. Akad. der Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. Kl. Sitzber. 61: 408, 413. 5. Pseupomyrma elongata var. cubaensis Forel, 1901. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 45: 342 9 . Pseudomyrma elongata var. tandem, Forel, 1906. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 50: 228. 9 . Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 85-87 (each caste). —Creighton, 1955. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 63: 17-20. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1956. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 49: 384 Oarva). Biology: Wheeler, 1932. N. Y. Ent. See., Jour. 40: 4. grracilis mexicanus (Roger). Fla., Tex. s. to Central Amer. Ecology: Colonies have been found in dead limbs of live oaks, in live oak twig galls, in shrubs, hollow stems of composites, and cavities in other plants. Probably accidentally introduced into Florida. P. gracilis gracilis (Fabricius) is found in Central and S. Amer. Psetidomyrma mexicana Roger, 1863. Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 7: 178. 5 . Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 421 (worker, female). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1956. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 49: 385-386 (larva). —Brown, 1957. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 116: 235. Biology: Wheeler, 1901. Soc. Ent. Belg., Ann. 45: 204. —Mitchell and Pierce, 1912. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 14: 69. — Whitcomb, Denmark, Buren, and Carroll, 1972. Fla. Ent. 55: 31-33 (in Florida). pallidus (Smith). N. C. to Fla. w. to Ariz., Calif, s. to S. Amer.; W. Indies. Ecology: Colonies have been foimd in twigs and branches of various plants and in culms of grasses and sedges. Some of the early western records of this species may actually refer to apache Creighton. References to P.flavidulus (Smith) for the U. S. pertain to this species; flavidulus was described from S. Amer. and its correct status is not known (see Creighton, 1950). Psevdomyrma pallida Smith, 1855. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., 3: 160. 5 . Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 419-420. —Wheeler, 1905. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 21: 83-85 (each caste). —Creighton, 1950. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Bui. 104: 80-82. —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1956. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 49: 386 (larva). Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1347 Biology: Mitchell and Pierce, 1912. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 14: 69. —Wheeler, 1932. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 40: 4. Morphology: Blum and Callahan, 1963. Psyche 70: 69-74 (morphology and physiology of poison glands and venom). Unplaced Taxon of Pseudomyrmecinae Ponera (EctatomaU)) Lincecumii Buckley, 1866. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 172. 5 . Cent. Tex. Subfamily MYRMICINAE This is the largest subfamily of ants and is found throughout the world. In North America, the Myrmicinae are better represented in the central and southern United States with their in- cidence rapidly decreasing northwards where the Formicinae become the dominant subfamily. Members of this subfamily are recognized by the two-segmented petiole and the frontal carinae which are distant from each other and each of which usually bears a lobe concealing the antennal insertions. Taxonomy: Wheeler and Wheeler, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53:98-110 (larvae). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1960. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 62:1-32 (larvae). — Ettershank, 1966. Austral. Jour. Zool. 14:73-171 (generic revision of world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973. Psyche 80: 204-211 (supp. studies on larvae). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973. Psyche 80: 70-82 (larvae of four tribes, 2nd supp.; Leptothoracini, Ocymyrmecini, Tetramoriini, Cryptocerini). — Wheeler and Wheeler, 1973. Ga. Ent. Soc., Jour. 8: 27-39 (larvae of six tribes, 2nd supp.). Morphology: Blum, 1974. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 82: 141-147 (Myrmicine trail pheromones: specificity, source, and significance). — McCluskey, 1974. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 82: 93-102 (generic diversity in phase of rhythm in Myrmicine ants). Tribe MYRMICINI Genus MYRMICA Latreille Myrmica Latreille, 1804. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. 24:179. Type-species: Formica rubra Linnaeus. Desig. by Latreille, 1810. This holarctic genus is found as far north as Labrador and Alaska in North America and is restricted to higher elevations in the southern parts of its range. There are apparently no sub- tropical or xerophilous representatives. The moderate sized colonies nest in soil, rotten wood, or under cover of various objects. Workers are carnivorous but also feed on honeydew of Homop- tera and exudates of plants. Workers of some species differ from each other very slightly and males are sometimes needed for determination. Some species are closely related to Palearctic forms and have been regarded as subspecies of them by some authors. Revision: Weber, 1947. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 40:437-474. —Weber, 1948. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 41:267-308. —Weber, 1950. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 43:189-226. Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1907. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., Bui. 5:73-83 (varieties of M. brevinodis). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1952. Psyche 59:112-123 (larvae). —Yarrow, 1955. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc., Ser. B: Taxonomy 24:113-115 (type-species). — Collingwood, 1958. Roy Ent. Soc. London, Proc., Ser. A 33:65-75 (Britain). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1963. Ants of N. Dak., pp. 94-108. —Collingwood, 1974. Soc. Brit. Ent., Trans. 16:96-101 (Britain). Biology: Brian, 1957. Insectes Sociaux 4:177-190 (growth and development of colonies). —Weir, 1958. Insectes Sociaux 5:97-128, 316-339 (polyethism in workers). —Weir, 1958. Jour. Ins. Physiol. 1:352-360 (effect of temperature variation on queen oviposition and colony formation). — Kannowski, 1959. Insectes Sociaux 6:143-144 (flight activities and colony founding). — Weir, 1959. Insectes Sociaux 6:271-290 (influence of worker age on trophogenic larval dormancy). — Weir, 1959. Insectes Sociaux 6:167-201 (egg masses and early larval growth). — Weir, 1959. Physiol. Zool. 32:63-77 (interrelation of queen and worker oviposition). — Carr, 1962. Insectes Sociaux 9:177-211 (influence of queen). — Brian and Hibble, 1963. Insectes Sociaux 10:71-82 (larval size and influence of queen on growth). 1348 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico — Kannowski, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., N. Central Branch, Proc. 25:119-125 (colony populations of 5 species). Morphology: Weir, 1957. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. 98:499-506 (functional anatomy of mid-gut of larvae). — Weir, 1959. Insectes Sociaux 6:375-386 (changes in the rectro-cerebral endocrine system of larvae and their relation to larval growth and development). — Crewe and Blum, 1970. Ztschr. f. Vergleich. Physiol. 70:363-373 (alarm pheromones of 9 species). americana Weber. Que., Maine s. to N. C, Tenn., w. to Man., Colo., Utah, Ariz. Ecology: More common on east slop)es of Rocky Mtns.; records from west of the Rockies are rare. Commonly found in grasslands where nests are in soil in open or under objects; foo