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Mus. Comp., Zo»l.

C5HSS, !

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oology

THE

RAY SOCIETY

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.

This volume is issiieil to the Subscribers to the Ray SOCIETY for

the Year 1897.

LONDON:

MDCCCXCTIII.

THE

TAILLESS BATRACHIANS

OF

EUROPE.

BY

a. A. BOULENGER, F.B.S.

PABT II.

LONDON:
PRINTED EOR THE RAY SOCIETY.

MDCCCXCVIII.

PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,
JiARTHOT,031EYV CLOSE, E.C., AND 20 HANOVER SQUARE, "W.

[At page 211.

120_

BE

~l —

B . VU LGAR1S.
B . VI Rl DIS.
B. CALAMITA.

-60

-JO

DISTRIBUTION OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF BUFO.

211

Family 3.— BUFONID^E.

Vertebrae procoelous, without autogenous ribs ; dia-
pophyses of sacral vertebra dilated. Teeth absent.

This large family, comprising nine genera, is distri-
buted over the whole world except Madagascar,
Papuasia, and the islands of the Pacific. Only one
genus is represented in the Pal atretic region.

A Himalayan genus, Cophophryne, Blgr., founded
on a small toad with vertical pupil, and with the
sacral vertebra provided with very strongly dilated
diapophyses and a single condyle for articulation with
the urostyle, effects the passage from the preceding
family, from which the true toads differ in the total
absence of teeth.

(3. Bufo.

Laurenti, Syn. Rept., p. 25 (1768). — Partirn.

Pupil horizontal. Vomerine teeth none. Tongue
elliptical or pyriform, entire and free behind.
Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers free, toes
more or less webbed ; outer metatarsals bound
together. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra moderately
dilated ; two condyles for articulation with urostyle.
Omosternum absent ; sternum a cartilaginous plate.

Fig. 78.

Open mouth of Bufo calamita.

The genus Bufo, of which some 100 species are
known, has representatives in most parts of the world,
with the exception of Madagascar, Papuasia, Australia,

212 BUF0NID.2E.

and the islands of the Pacific. Only three species
are found in Europe.

Bnfo vulgaris has most of the subarticular tubercles
under the toes in pairs, no tarsal fold, the interorbital
space at least as broad as the upper eyelid, and no
vocal sac. B. viridis has the subarticular tubercles
of the toes single, a tarsal fold, the interorbital
space usually distinctly narrower than the upper eyelid,
and the male is provided with a vocal sac. B. calamita
differs from both by its shorter limbs, which preclude
it from leaping; the subarticular tubercles of the
toes are in pairs as in B. vulgaris, but a tarsal fold is
usually present, and the interorbital space is narrow;
the males have a vocal sac, which is larger than in
B. viridis, and, when blown, bears great resemblance
to that of the common tree-frog. The buccal opening
to the sac is a single slit, either on the right side or
on the left, as shown on fig. 78, p. 211.

Owino' to the fact that B. viridis and calamita are
much more nearly related to each other than to
B. vulgaris , Fatio and other authors have instituted
two different sections or sub-genera, that including
the two former species being designated Rubeta, the
other Phryne. An examination of all the species of
the genus shows such a division to be untenable.
Still less would one feel inclined to follow the view of
Cope, who, whilst uniting B. vulgaris and B. viridis
in the genus Bufo, isolated B. calamita as Epidalea,
the latter genus being founded solely on the large size
of the fronto-parietal fontanelle.

The annexed map shows the interesting distribution
over the Palaearctic region of the three species under
consideration ; Bnfo vulgaris extending through nearly
the whole region, whilst the two closely allied repre-
sentative species, B. viridis and B. calamita., occupy the
former the East, the latter the West, their respective
ranges overlapping on a considerable portion of
Central Europe.

^ :

V

^

1

BDFO. 213

9. BUFO VULGARIS.

(Plate XI.)

Rosel, Hist. Ran., p. 85, pis. xx and xxi (1758).

liana bufo, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., i, p. 354 (1766).

Rana rubeta, Linnaeus, 1. c.

Bufo vulgaris, Laurenti, Syn. Rept., pp. 28 and 125 (1768) ;
Daudin, Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap., p. 72, pi. xxiv (1803), and
Hist. Rept., viii, p. 139 (1803) ; Eichwald, Zool. Spec. Ross.
Pol., iii, p. 167 (1831) ; Duvernoy, Regne Anim., Rept., pi.
xxxviii. fig. 3 (1836) ; Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., Rett.
Anf. (1839) ; Bell, Brit. Rept., p. 105. fig. (1839) ; Dumeril
& Bibron, Erp. Gen., viii, p. 670 (1841) ; Nilsson, Skand.
Faun., Amf ., p. 99 (1842) ; Guiclienot, Explor. Sc. Alg., Rept.,
p. 27 (1850); Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal., p. 569 (1858);
Strauch, Erp. Alg., p. 79 (1862) ; Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind.,
p. 419 (1864) ; Collin, Naturh. Tidsskr. (3), vi, 1869, p. 325 ;
Sahlertz, Vid. Meddel., 1871. p. 131; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii,
p. 587 (1872); De Betta. Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf., p. 72
(1874) ; Schreiber, Herp. Eur., p. 134 (1875) ; Lataste, Herp.
Gir., p. 283, pi. xi (1876); Leydig, An. Batr., p. 12 (1877);
Lessona, Atti Ace. Line, Mem. CI. Sc. fis., i, 1878, p. 1080,
pi. iv ; Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1880, p. 569, and Cat.
Batr. Ecaud., p. 303 (1882) ; Camerano, Mem. Ace. Torin.
(2), xxxv. 1883, p. 235; Heron-Royer, Bull. Soc. Et. Sc.
Angers (2), xvi, 1887, p 96; Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc, 1889, p. 353. and Amph. Rept. Portusr., p. 11 (1889) ;
Heron-Royer & Van Bambeke, Arch. Biol., ix, 1889,
p. 291; Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6), v, 1890, p. 141,
Trans. Zool. Soc, xiii, 1891, p. 159, and Proc. Zool. Soc,
1891, p. 612, pi. xlvi, fig. 4 ; Mehely, Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt,
Herp., p. 65 (1892); Mina-Palumbo, Nat. Sicil., xii, 1893,
p. 282 ; W. Evans, Proc. Phys. Soc. Edinb., xii, 1894, p. 512 ;
Martin & Rollinat, Vert. Dep. Indre, p. 338 (1894);
Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung., p. 96 (1897) ; Durigen,
Deutschl. Amph., p. 467, pi. i, fig. 1 (1897).

Bufo cinereus, Schneider, Hist. Amph., i, p. 185 (1799); Daudin,
Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap., p. 73, pi. xxv, and Rept., viii,
p. 141 ; Brandt & Ratzeburg, Med. Zool., p. 193, pi. xxiii,
fig. 1 (1829); Gravenhorst, Delic Mus. Vratisl, p. 62
(1829) ; Koch, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1872, p. 174.

Bufo rubeta, Schneider, 1. c, p. 227 ; Bosca, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1880, p. 255.

Bufo roeselii, Daudin, Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap., p. 77, pi. xxvii,
. and Rept., viii, p. 150, pi. xcvi.

Bufo ventricosus, Daudin, Hist. Rain., p. 83, pi. xxx, and Rept.,
' p. 168.

Bufo spinosus, Daudin, Hist. Rept., p. 199.

Rana scorodosma, Hermann, Observ. Zool., p. 243 (1804).

Bufo pr.netextatus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 215.

Bufo palmarum. Cuvier, Regne Anim., 2nd ed., ii, p. Ill (1829)
Bibi-on & Bory de St. Vincent, Exped- Sc Moree, iii, p. 75,
pi. xv, fig. 1 (1832).

214

BUFONIDvE.

Bufo colchicus, Eichwakl, 1. c.

Bufo minutus, Schinz, Nat. Rept., p. 235, pi. xcvi, fig. 4 (1833).

Bufo alpinus, Schinz, 1. c, p. 236, fig. 5, and Faun. Helv., p. 145

(1837).
Bufo vulgaris japonicus, Schlegel, Fauna Japon., Rept., p. 106,

pi. i'i (1836) ; Lataste, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 66.
Bufo vinearum, Lesson, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., xii, 1841, p. 61,

pi. iv, fig. 1.
Bufo gargarizans, Cantor, Ann. & Mag. N. H., ix, 1842, p. 483.
Bufo commutatus, Steenstrup, Ber. 24. Vers. Deutsch. Naturf.

Kiel, 1847. p. 134.
Bufo griseus, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. Philad., 1860, p. 506.
Bufo communis, Brucb, Wurzb. Naturw. Zeitschr., iii, 1862,

p. 185.
Bufo japonicus, Camerano, Atti Ace. Torin., xiv, 1879, p. 884.
Bufo rubeta. var. robustior (Lataste), Bosca, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, 1880, p. 256.
Bufo sjielteus, Riviere, C. R. Assoc. Franc., xv, 1887, p. 453.

Fig. 79.

Upper view of head ( $ , Paris).

Head once and one-fifth to once and two-thirds as
broad as lonp; • snout as lone* as or a little shorter
than the diameter of* the orbit, short and blunt, with
obtuse canthus and very oblique grooved lores ;
nostrils equally distant from the eyes and the tip of
the snout, or somewhat nearer the former ; eyes
nearer the tip of the snout than the angles of the
jaws ; interorbital space flat, in old specimens slightly
concave, its width at least equal to that of the upper

BUFO. 215

eyelid, and greater than the distance between the
nostrils ; tympanum hardly half the diameter of the
eye, usually indistinct except anteriorly, sometimes
quite hidden under the tubercular skin (larger and
more distinct in specimens from Eastern Asia) ;
cleft of the mouth extending beyond the level of the
posterior border of the eyes.

Fingers rather short, blunt or obtusely pointed ;
third longest, second and fourth equal and scarcely
shorter than the first; subarticular tubercles mostly
in pairs ; two large palmar tubercles, one larger and
rounded in the middle, and the other smaller and
oval at the base of the inner diofit.

Hind limb moderately elongate; the tarso-meta-
tarsal articulation reaches the tympanum or the eye in
the male, the shoulder or the tympanum in the female ;
tibia considerably longer than the head, as long as
the thigh, the heels meeting or nearly meeting when
the limbs are folded at riffht angles to the rhachis.
Toes moderately elongate, depressed, nearly entirely
or at least two-thirds webbed in the breeding male,
one-half to two-thirds webbed in the female; the free
border of the web often scalloped or crenulate; sub-
articular tubercles small and in pairs, at least under
the fourth toe ; two large metatarsal tubercles, the
inner very prominent and oval, the outer flatter and
rounded. No tarsal fold.

Upper surfaces covered with anastomosing wrinkles,
and irregular, more or less prominent, often spinous
warts, the pores of which may be very indistinct to the
naked eye. Japanese specimens are remarkable for
the greater prominence of the warts, which are very
spinous ; the Chinese have also the warts very pro-
minent, but often more elongate, as if two had
merged into one. A large, prominent, elliptical or
oval parotoid gland on each side behind the eyes, with
the inner border divergnno; behind ; the leno-th of
this gland contained once and one-sixth to once and
a half in the length of the head. Lower surfaces

216 bufonid^:.

granular, the granules being larger and more distant
from oDe another on the lower belly and under the
thighs ; these granules may be tipped with horny
spines, which are often black, especially in old
females.

Brown, olive, greyish, or red above, uniform, or
with dark brown or blackish spots or marbliugs; some
females handsomely marbled with dark brown, with
yellow spots between the marbliugs, others pale olive
with rusty spots ; females and young often with the
parotoids and the larger warts brick-red ; parotoids
(with rare exceptions) margined on the outer side
with dark brown or black, which may extend as a band
along the upper side of the flanks, this being more
usually and markedly the case in Chinese and Japanese
specimens. In these Oriental specimens a fine yellow
vertebral line is often present. Lower surfaces dirty
white, greyish, or brownish, often flesh-colour under
the thighs, uniform, or more or less spotted with brown
or blackish ; these spots are very large, and often form
handsome marbliugs in Asiatic specimens. Iris red
or copper-colour, more or less vermiculated with black,
rarely (in males) golden, scarcely tinged with red.

Male distinguished from the female
Fig. 80. by much stronger, more muscular fore
limbs, fuller webs between the toes, a
shorter body, usually a smoother skin,
and, during the breeding season, by the
presence of black, horny spinules form-
ing bands on the inner upper side of
the three inner finders and the inner
carpal tubercle. These excrescences
sometimes persist long after the pairing
Lower view of left ^ s over ; Boscii, in Spain, at Valencia,
hand of male, noticed males bearing* them in August
and December, and I have found them
well developed in English specimens captured on land
in August and September. Vocal sacs are absent.
The male is smaller than the female, the disproportion

P.UF0.

217

being greatest in specimens from Northern and
Central Europe.

E. Olivier has recorded the very extraordinary case
of an adult specimen in which the notochordal larval tail
had not only been retained, but had continued to grow
in proportion with the animal. The specimen, which
measures 63 mm. from snout to vent, with a tail-
length of 54 mm., is figured in the Revue Scientifique
du Bourbonnais, vi, 1893, pi. ii. It was obtained
near Jaligny, in the Department Allier.

Measu

EtEMENTS

(ill mill]

metres).

_£_

4.

5.

?
6.

7.

lT

2.

~8.

8.

From snout to vent

57-

...76..

. 92 ..

.94

...102

..132.

.130.

.112

Length of head

16

...18..

. 21 ..

.22

... 22

.. 29.

. 30.

. 23

Width of head .

20

...24..

. 32 ..

.34

... 35

... 50.

. 50.

. 38

Diameter of eye

5

... 6..

... 8

9

. 9.

. 8

Interorbital width

5

... 6..

. 6-5..

. 7

... 11.

. 11.

. 75

From eye to nostril

3%

S... 4..

. 5 ..

. 5-£

>... 5*5

7.

. 6

., end of snout

7

... 8..

. H) ..

.11

... 11

... 15.

. 15.

. 12

Length of parotoid

11

...13..

. 18 ..

.18

... IS

... 24.

. 27.

. 20

Widtb of parotoid

5

... 7..

. 11 ..

. 9

... 10

.. 12.

. 12.

. 9

Fore limb

41

...51..

. 57 ..

59

... 62

... 85.

. 85.

. 67

Hind limb

78

...97..

.111 ..

.98

...122

...160.

.150.

.120

Tibia .

21

...27..

. 33 ..

.30

... 36

... 47.

.. 46.

. 37

Foot

30

...36..

. 38 ..

.36

... 43

... 55.

.. 54.

. 44

1. Chiddingfold. Sun

ey :

Boulenger.

5.

Jersey

: Hor]

tiell.

2. Denmark: Liitken

6.

Paris :

Boule

nger.

3. Algiers : Anderson

7.

Gerez,

Portu,

jal : yieira.

4. Isle of Arran : Leach.

8.

Sicily.

Fatio records a female specimen from Sicily
measuring- 153 mm. from snout to vent. The
largest male from the same island, examined by
Camerano, measures 95 mm. According to Mina-
Palumbo, the species grows to 180 mm.

Geographical Variations. — The differences between
European and Japanese specimens are considerable,
and have induced some authors to regard the two
as distinct species. These differences, which reside
chiefly in the greater size and perfect distinctness of
the tympanum, the black lateral stripe, and the deep
black spots or marblings of the lower parts in the

218

BUF0N1D2E.

latter, are completely bridged over when the Chinese
and Manchurian specimens are taken into considera-
tion. Specimens from Ichang, on the Yangtse Kiang,
and Ningpo come nearest the Japanese, from which
they do not differ in coloration; but the tympanum,
although as distinct, is not so large. Others from
Shanghai, Chefoo, Peking, and Corea are intermediate
between the latter and the European; the tympanum is
always very distinct (as is also sometimes the case in
European specimens), but varies considerably in size;
the dark lateral stripe is often ill-defined or absent,
and the belly may be either largely spotted with
black, or almost immaculate. Specimens from
Chabarowka, Manchuria, the northernmost Oriental
locality, are still nearer the European ; the tympanum
is rather small, but perfectly distinct; the belly is
immaculate, and the coloration might be said to be
identical but for the presence of traces of a light
vertebral line, as is often found in specimens from
Japan, Corea, and Northern China.

Measurements of specimens from Eastern Asia are
appended for comparison with those of Europeans, as
given in the preceding table.

Measurements of Asiatic Specimens (in millimetres).

«? ?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

From snout to vent

65 ...

88 .

.. 87.

.120..

.120..

.102..

.132

Length of head .

16 ...

21 .

22

. 29..

. 28..

. 26..

. 35

Width of head .

22

30 .

'.'. 34.

.. 47..

. 45..

. 41..

. 56

Diameter of eye

t

7

.. 7.

.. 9..

. 9..

. 8..

. 11

Interorbital width

6-5...

7 .

.. S.

.. 9..

. 10..

. 11..

. 12

From eye to nostril

4 ...

4-5

.. 5.

.. 6..

. 6.

. 9

,, end of snout

8 ...

10

.. 11.

.. 14..

. 14.

. 12.

. 18

Diameter of tympanum

. 3 ...

3

.. 4.

. 6.

. 5..

. 8

Length of parotoid

13 ...

14

.. 15.

.. 23..

. 20.

24..

. 26

Width of parotoid

7 ...

6

.. 9.

.. 10..

. 10.

. 10.

. 10

Fore limb

46 ...

55

.. 67.

.. 82..

. 6Q.

. 60..

. b3

Hind liml)

So ...

115

..123.

..150..

.125.

.130.

.157

Tibia

24 ...

33

.. 36.

.. 44..

. 42.

. 40.

. 50

Foot ....

32 ..

U

.. 43.

.. 54.

. 48.

. 44.

. 52

1. Chabarowka: Dorrit

'S.

4,7.

Japan

.

2, 5. Corea.

6.

Ichan

g : Pratt.

3. Chefoo: Swinhoe.

BUFO. 219

Skeleton, — Skull strongly ossified. Ethmoid en-
tirely or nearly entirely covered over by the fronto-
parietals and the large, subtriangular or pear-shaped
nasals, the two paired bones being in contact with
each other, and forming a continuous or subcontinuous
median suture. Squamosal forming a suture with
the prootic, its zygomatic process very short. Of the
three branches of the pterygoid, the anterior is the
longest and the broadest, and joins the maxillary and
the palatine ; the inner branch extends to the para-
sphenoid, whicli is dagger-shaped, obtuse or truncated
anteriorly, and in contact with the palatines. Latter
bones strong, with sharp lower keel. Vomers very
small, widely separated from each other. Mento-
Meckelian bones distinct.

Hyoid much longer than broad, with moderately
broad cornua without anterior processes, small alas,
short postero-lateral processes, and slender, diverging,
ossified thyroid processes, which are narrowly
separated from each other at the base. In old
specimens a small ossification is present on each side
of the body of the hyoid, just behind the level of the
anterior notch.

Diapophyses of second vertebra much flattened and
directed forwards ; of third vertebra also much
flattened, longer, and horizontal ; of fourth a little
longer still, less flattened, and directed backwards. The
four following diapophyses slender and subcylindrical,
gradually decreasing in length to the last or the last but
one, the first two directed backwards, the other two
horizontal. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated,
subtriangular, their distal diameter equal to or a
little less than their length. Two condyles for articu-
lation with the urostyle. Latter nearly as long as
or shorter than the rest of the vertebral column, a
little longer than the skull, with strong dorsal crest,
but no processes at the base save exceptionally.

Prascoracoids strong, feebly curved, nearly hori-
zontal, entering the glenoid cavity ; coracoids slightly

220

BUFONIDvE.
Fig. 81.

Skeleton of female.

BUF0.

221

curved, directed obliquely backwards, expanded at both
extremities; no omosternum ; sternum an elongate
cartilaginous plate expanded distally, calcified along
the middle in adult specimens. Supra-scapula nearly
entirely ossified. Humerus once and two-fifths to once
and a half as long as radius-ulna, w T ith strong crest ;
both bones with calcified epiphyses. Six bones in the
carpus, three in contact with radius-ulna ; a single
bone to the pollex.

Pelvis two-thirds or rather more than two-thirds
the length of the vertebral column ; ilia subcylindrical
at their free ends, which are covered by the dia-
pophyses of the sacral vertebra ; pubis ossified or
calcined, entering the acetabulum. Femur moderately
curved, as long as or slightly longer than tibia-fibula ;
both bones with calcified epiphyses ; astragalus and
calcaneum subequal in length, united at both ends by
a common calcified epiphysis; the tarsus not quite
half as long' as the femur. Three distal tarsals, and
two bones to the praehallux. Distal phalanges obtuse,
slightly expanded at the apex.

Measurements of Skeleton (in millimetres).

3

?

Length of skull

.

22

28

Width of skull

.

30

39

Least interorbital

width

6

8

Dorsal vertebral column

32

40

Urostyle

.

28

34

Humerus

,

36

36

Radius-ulna

24

26

Man us

.

23

31

Pelvis

40

51

Femur

35

41

Tibia

,

33

38

Tarsus

.

19

22

Pes

,

42

45

Habits — The Common Toad is a terrestrial and
crepuscular Batrachian, living in holes and crevices,
and issuing forth at dusk in search of insects, worms,
and slugs, which it catches, after careful aiming,
accompanied by nervous movements of the tips of the

222 BUFONlDiE.

toes, by darting, with lightning rapidity, its exsertiie
slimy tongue. Its movements on land are slow,
partly by crawling, partly by short leaps. In the
water, to which it resorts once a year for the
purpose of breeding, it proves no bad swimmer,
owing to the well-developed web of the feet. Its
intelligence is greater than that of any other Batra-
chian; in captivity it soon accommodates itself to its
surroundings, understands that a glass partition is
an obstacle, and, placed on a table, will not attempt
to jump off, whilst a frog will not hesitate to take a
leap from a fifth-story balcony. It is, therefore, easily
tamed, answering the call of its master to take food
from the hand, or flattening itself down to let him
stroke its back. A large Jersey specimen I kept for
twelve years, raised its head and came out of its place
of concealment when I knocked on the glass front of its
terrarium ; it did not evince the slightest timidity, —
in fact, liked beiug handled, "and was ever ready to
take food. In its excessive greediness it would swallow
so many large earthworms in succession that, after
a time, they were passed alive ; on two occasions it
disposed of whole litters of new-born mice. T. Bell
has recorded, on the authority of the Rev. John
Phillips, of Ninfield, Sussex, the curious case of a toad
attempting to swallow a viper. Although crepuscular,
this toad occasionally leaves its retreat in the day-
time, namely, during thunderstorms. Specimens are
also not infrequently met with in the daytime, crawling
about in great pain, with the snout or even the greater
part of the head a deep sore, swarming with dipterous
larvse.

The question whether the flies that select toads for
the rearing: of their maggots constitute a distinct
form (Lucilia bufonivora, Moniez), like the Australian
llctrachom,yia, or not, has been much discussed among
entomologists, but I believe the balance of opinion
now is that various species resort to that host, on
which they are to be regarded as predatory, not

bufo. 223

parasitic, since its life is speedily destroyed. The
larvae Lave been mostly referred to Luc ilia silvatica
and Oalliphora erythrocephala. It has been suggested
that the eggs may have been laid in the mouth of the
toad whilst feeding, but it appears to me more
probable that certain flies simply avail themselves of
ulcers, from which these Batrachians not uncommonly
suffer, especially about the snout ; in which case the
nasal cavities become converted into a nursery, whence
the swarming larvae soon spread to the eyes and brain,
until the whole head is eaten away, leaving nothing
but the skull partly covered by the tough integument.

Owing, no doubt, to the necessity for securing food
in greater quantity, young specimens are more diurnal,
and may be found in the daytime going about in damp
places in woods or other shady localities. During periods
of drought myriads of tiny toads, which have been
compelled to leave the water after the metamorphosis,
conceal themselves under stones and in fissures in the
soil, whence they emerge all at a time during or after
a heavy shower in such numbers that it is sometimes
impossible to walk along a path without crushing a
lot. Such sudden apparitions have given rise to the
idea of showers of toads.

Pairing takes place from two to four weeks later
than in the common frog ; in England between the
end of March and the middle of April, somewhat
earlier in warmer latitudes, and as late as the beg-in-
ning of May in Norway, when toads congregate in
large numbers in ponds and pools, very rarely in
shallow ditches. The males are always much the more
numerous, and quarrel with rage over the females ;
their cry resembles the distant barking of a little
dog. The male seizes the female by poking the
clenched fists in the axils, and the embrace is so
frantic that it is extremely difficult to dislodge him.
Individuals of the former sex are usually smaller, and
it is not rare to find a young male paired with a
female at least twice his length. If the weather be

224

BTJFONID^E.

cold, pairing may last a fortnight or more; otherwise
the breeding operations are concluded within a week,
only males that have failed in finding a mate remain-
ing a little longer in the water, swimming about in
great anxiety and clasping frogs or toads of other
species, even occasionally fishes, or any object, such
as a pole or fishing-net, that may be held out to them.

Fig. 82.

Male and female pairing.

The eggs come out slowly, in several hours, in two
distinct strings from the oviducts, and they are
impregnated in several emissions. The male assists
with his toes in pulling out the strings ; and the female,
by winding round during oviposition, twists them
about water plants or submerged branches of trees,
usually not far from the borders. The young leave
the water eight to twelve weeks later, measuring 8 to
12 mm. from snout to vent. In a very interesting
paper on " The Reptiles and Batrachians of tlie Edin-
burgh District," W. Evans records finding a pair of
common toads in a deep pool in an old limestone
quarry in East Lothian (practically at sea level) in
the very act of spawning so far on in the season as
the loth of June, 1894. This is the more remark-
able from the fact that the common toad and the

bufo. 225

common frog may be regarded as tbe two European
types in which there is least individual divergence in
the breeding- time. Rollinat also reports having met
with an isolated breeding couple near Argenton, in
France, on the 18th of June, 1893. In the spring of
1897 I captured a pair in a pond at Anseremme, near
Dinant, Belgium, on April 29th, about three weeks
late ; the female, a large specimen, spawned the
following day.

Eggs. — Small, 1^ to 2 mm. in diameter, entirely black,
in regular files of three or four (two when stretched),
in long mucilaginous strings looking like glass tubes.

Fig. 83.

The eggs number 4972 to 6840 according to Heron -
Royer's counting, 1911 to 4152 in three broods
counted by W. Evans. The strings measure (with
the eggs in double file) 9 or 10 feet, and can be
stretched out to a much greater length. The egg is
protected by a second mucilaginous envelop within
the string. The mucilages soon partially dissolve
and release the embryo, which, so to say, drops out
before it is able to execute any spontaneous move-
ments, before the appearance of the external gills and
with a very rudimentary tail, and becomes fixed by
its adhesive subcephalic apparatus to the outside of
the string, on which long lines of embryos may be
seen hanging motionless.

Tadpole (PI. II, fig. 3). — Length of body about
once and a half its width, and three-fifths to two-
thirds the length of the tail. Nostrils much nearer
the eyes than the end of the snout. Eyes on the

Q

226 bufonid^:.

upper surface ; the distance between them about twice
as great as the distance between the nostrils, and
equal to or somewhat less than the width of the mouth.
Spiraculum on the left side, directed backwards,
nearly equidistant from either extremity of the body,
not very prominent, but visible from above and from
below. Anus median Tail three or four times as
long as deep, broadly rounded at the end ; both crests
nearly equal in depth, with nearly straight and
parallel edges; the depth of the muscular part of the
tail, at its base, two-fifths the greatest total depth.

Beak white, broadly edged witli black. Lips with
papillee only at the sides, which form an inward fold ;
both upper and lower edges toothed, the series of
labial teeth being § ; the second upper series nearly
as long as the first, and very narrowly interrupted
in the middle ; the three lower series uninterrupted,
and occupying nearly the whole width of the lip.

Lines of muciferous crypts not or scarcely traceable.
Blackish-brown or black above, blackish-grey beneath,
muscular part of tail dark brown or blackish ; crests
grey, finely speckled, as if powdered with black.

The tadpole of this, the largest European Batra-
chian, is very small. The largest specimen measured
by me is 32 mm. long; body, 12 ; width of body, 8 ;
length of tail, 20 ; depth of tail, 5.

Habitat. — The common toad inhabits nearly the
whole of Europe, northwards to 65° lat. ; it is,
however, absent from some of the larger islands —
Ireland, Corsica, Sardinia, and the Baleares. It
ascends to an altitude of 7000 feet in the Alps. In
North-west Africa it is on record from Larache in
Morocco, and Tlemsen, Algiers, and Bona in Algeria.
It extends across northern and temperate Asia to
Manchuria, Japan, China, and Thibet up to 10,000
feet. The altitude of 17,000 feet previously recorded
by me is based on an error ; the specimen collected
by Mr. Pratt in the province of Sze Chuen, China,
came from an altitude of only 1700 feet.

'. XII.

ft «k ,'

■ /CSsUfO IHsff C ''■! .

bufo. 227

The specimen figured on PI. XI is a female from
Jerse}', which I have kept alive from 1885 to 1897,
and to which I have alluded above.

10. Bufo viridis.
(Plates XI and XII.)

Bufo viridis, Laurenti, Syn. Rept., pp. 27 and 111, pi. i (1768);
Span-man, Vetensk. Ac. Handl. Stockholm, xvi, 1795, p. 183,
pi. vii; Schneider, Hist. Amph., i, p. 200 (1799); Daudin,
Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap., p. 79, pi. xxviii, fig. 2 (1803), and
Hist. Rept., viii, p. 156 ^1803) ; Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital.,
Rett. Anf. (1838); Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal., p. 58(1858);
Strauch, Erp. Alg., p. 79 (1862); Bruch, Wiirzb. Naturw.
Zeitschr.. iii, 1862, p. 185 ; Steindachner, Novara, Amph..
p. 39 (1867) ; Collin, Naturh. Tidsskr. (3), vi, 1869, p. 336;
Stoliczka, Jonrn. As. Soc. Beng., xxxix, 1870, p. 155 ; Fatio.
Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 411 (1872) ; Koch, Ber. Senck. Ges.,
1872, p. 170 ; De Betta, Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf.. p. 74 (1874) ;
Lessona. Atti Ace. Line, Mem. CI. Sc. tis., i, 1877, p. 1085,
pi. iv; Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1880, p. 553, pi. 1, and
Cat. Batr. Ecaud., p. 297 (1882) ; Cainerano, Mem. Ace.
Torin. (2), xxxv, 1883, p. 336; Heron-Royer, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1884, p. 29, and Bull. Soc. Et. Sc. Angers (2), xvi,
1887, p. 134; Walter, Zool. Jahrb., iii, 1888, p. 983; Heron-
Royer, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1888, p. 26 ; Bedriaga, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1888, p. 220, and Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc,
1889, p. 378; Heron-Royer & Van Bambeke, Arch. Biol., ix,
1889, p. 293; Boulenger, Faun. Ind.. Rept., p. 504 (1890),
Trans. Zool. Soc , xiii, 1891, p. 158, and Proc. Zool. Soc,
1891, p. 612, pi. xlvi, fig 5 ; Mehely, Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt.
Herp., p. 69 (1892) ; Camerano, Boll. Mus. Torin., viii, 1893.
No. 162, p. 3; Mina-Palumbo, Nat. Sicil., xii, 1893, p. 284;
Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung., p. 98 (1897) ; Diirigen.
Deutschl. Amph., p. 481, pi. i, fig. 2 (1897).

Bufo schrebevianus, Laurenti, 1. c, p. 27.

Bana variabilis, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. vii, p. 1, pi. vi, figs. 3 & 4
(1769); Sturm, Deutschl. Faun., iii, Heft 2 (1799).

Bana sitibunda, Pallas, Reise Russ. R., i, p. 458 (1771).

Bana bufina, Miiller, Prodr. Zool. Dan., p. 35 (1776) ; Retzius.
Faun. Suec, p. 283 (1800).

Bufo viridi-radiatus, Lacepede, Quadr. 0\\, i, Syn. Meth., &
* p. 588(1788).

Bana viridis, Lindaker, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., i, 1791, p. 123.

Bufo sitibundus, Schneider, Hist. Amph., i, p. 225 (1799).

Bufo cursor, Daudin, Hist. Rept., viii, p. 164 (1803).

Bufo variabilis, Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 180 (1820) ;
Brandt & Ratzeburg, Med. Zool., p. 197, pi. xxiii, figs.
2 & 11 (1829); Gravenhorst, Delic Mus. Vratisl.. p. 63
(1829) ; Eichwald, Zool. Spec. Ross. Pol., iii. p. 167 (1831) ;
Nilsson, Skand. Faun., Amf., p. 102 (1842); Schreiber.
Herp. Eur., p. 138 (1875) ; Leydig, An. Batr., p. 29 (1877).

228

bufonida;.

Bufo arabicus, Riippell, Atl. Reise N. Afr., Rept., p. 20, pi. v,

fig. 2 (1827); Heron-Royer, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iv.

1891, p. 78.
Bufo longipes, Fitzinger, in Bonaparte, Mem. Ace. Torin (2), ii,

1839, p. 249.
Bufo viridis, part., Dumeril & Bibron, Erp. Gen., viii. p. 681

(1841).
Bufo calamita, Giintlier, Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 426 (1864).
Bufo boulengeri. Lataste, Rev. Int. Sc, iii, 1879, p. 438.
Bufo variabilis, var. balearica, Boettger, Zool. Anz., 1880, p. 642.

B c

Upper view of head and scapular region.
A. Berlin. B. River Hi. c. Nukuss, Amu Daria.

Head once and one-fourth to once and a half as
broad as long ; snout scarcely prominent, with dis-
tinct though obtuse canthus, as long as or a little
longer than the diameter of the orbit ; nostrils
equally distant from the eyes and the tip of the
snout, or somewhat nearer the latter ; eyes equally
distant from the tip of the snout and the angles of the

B[JFO.

229

jaws ; interorbital space flat and narrow, its width
equalling two-thirds to four-fifths that of the upper eye-
lid, not or but little greater than the distance between
the nostrils; tympanum distinct, at least in the ante-
rior half, rounded or a little deeper than broad ; its
transverse diameter equals usually about half that of
the eye, sometimes only one-third ; cleft of the mouth
extending to below the posterior corner of the eye or
slightly beyond.

Fingers rather short, obtuse ; third longest, second
and fourth nearly equal, first visually a little longer,
exceptionally equal to second; subarticular tubercles
single, or partly single, partly in pairs ; two large
palmar tubercles, one large, flat, and rounded in the
middle, the other smaller and oval, at the base of the
inner finger.

Hind limb moderately elongate, in some females from
Algeria and Syria very short ; the tarso-metatarsal arti-
culation reaches the eye or between the eye and the
nostril in the male, between the shoulder and the
posterior border of the eye in the female ; tibia as long
as or a little longer than the thigh, the heels meeting
or slightly overlapping when the limbs are folded at
right angles to the rhachis, considerably longer than
the head, shorter than the foot. Toes moderatelv

Fig. 85.

riO&&1

Lower view of foot of male.

elongate, depressed, one-half to three-fourths webbed,
the web extending as a fringe to the tips; subarticular
tubercles prominent and single ; two metatarsal tu-
bercles, — inner large, oval, prominent, outer smaller,
oval or rounded. A fold along the inner side of the
tarsus.

230 BUFONID^l.

Back covered with more or less prominent, some-
times spinous, distinctly porous warts of various sizes ;
those at the angles of the mouth much developed ; a
series of large prominent warts usually extends along
each side of the body. Lower parts granulate.
Parotoid glands very variable in sha.pe ; usually par-
allel or converging backwards, more or less pear- or
kidney- shaped, the greatest width in front about
twice as long as broad, and nearly as long as their
distance from the end of the snout ; sometimes, espe-
cially in Asiatic specimens, shortly oval, or enor-
mously large, much longer than the head, and once
and a half to twice as long as broad. The parotoids
always depressed, and anteriorly in contact with or
very narrowly separated from the upper eyelids.
Upper surface of forearm and tibia more or less
glandular, sometimes, especially in some Algerian and
Central Asian specimens, with a parotoid-like gland as
in B. calamita.

Coloration very variable. Greyish, greenish, yel-
lowish, brownish, pinkish, or whitish above, usually
with large, irregular, insuliform, distinct or confluent
spots, varying from bright green to dark olive, and
often margined with black ; these markings some-
times interrupted on the vertebral area, or forming
wavy longitudinal bands ; a fine yellow vertebral line
sometimes present ; the larger warts at the angles of
the mouth, on the sides of the body, and sometimes
also on the back, brick-red or crimson. Lower parts
dirty white, uniform, or with more or less abundant
blackish or olive spots. Tips of fingers and toes and
metatarsal tubercles usually brown. Iris greenish-
yellow, veined or vermiculated with black.

It is a remarkable fact that the occasional presence
in this species of a yellow vertebral line, such as is
usually present in, and has been regarded as a specific
character of, B. calamita, has never been observed in
Germany and Denmark, where the allied species co-
exists, whilst it is by no means uncommon in Italy, in

BUFO.

231

South-eastern Europe, in South-western Asia, and in
North Africa, and lias more than once given rise to
erroneous statements as to the distribution of B.
calamita. It also seems as if this line were occasionally
absent in the latter species only in those countries
where B. viridis does not exist. In Eastern Asia,
where neither B. viridis nor B. calamita,, nor any other
species with such a line occurs, the same character is
assumed by some specimens of B. vulgaris, which thus
take the place of their absent congeners so far as this
conspicuous marking is concerned.

Male distinguished by much stronger fore limbs, a
large callosity on the inner side of the first finger,
fuller webs between the toes, a small, feebly pigmented
internal vocal sac, and, during the breeding season,
blackish horny excrescences forming bands on the
inner-upper side of the three inner fingers and the
inner carpal tubercle ; the extent of this band on the
inner finder is much greater than in the two other
species of this genus, and is borne on a pad having
some resemblance to that of Rana temporaria.

Measurements (in millimetres).

S

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

From snout to vent

71 .

. 82.

.72 .

..77 .

..79 .

..85.

..87 ..

. 93

Length of bead

18 ..

. 19.

.17 .

..18 .

..17 .

..20.

..20 ..

. 21

Width of head

25 .

. 27.

.24 .

..27 .

..26 .

..30.

.30 ..

. 30

Diameter of eye

7 ..

. 7..

. 7 .

. 7 .

. 7 .

.. 8.

. 8 ..

. 8

Interorbital width

4 ..

. 5..

. 5 .

.. 5 .

.. 5 .

.. 5.

. 6 ..

. 6

From eye to nostril

4 .

. 5.

. 4 .

.. 4 .

.. 5 .

.. 6.

. 5 ..

. 6

,, end of snout .

9 .

. 10.

. 8 .

.. 9 .

.. 9 .

..10.

.10 ..

. 10

Diameter of tympanum .

35.

. 4.

. 35.

.. 35.

.. 35.

.. 4.

. 3-5..

. 4

Length of parotoid

15 ..

. 17..

.15 .

..16 .

.19 .

..18.

.13 ..

. 18

Width of parotoid .

7 .

. 8.

. 7 .

..11 .

. 9 .

.. 8..

. 9 ..

. 8

Fore limb .

45 .

. 51.

.44 .

..45 .

..45 .

..46.

.40 ..

. 53

Hind limb .

90 .

.104.

.87 .

..94 .

..89 .

..93.

.80 ..

.105

Tibia

27 .

. 31.

.26 .

..27 .

..26 .

..27.

.26 ..

. 31

Foot

34 .

. 36.

.30 .

..32 .

..31 .

..33.

.30 ..

. 38

1. Verona : de Betta.

2. Athens : Smith Woodward.

3. Duirat, Tunisia : Anderson.

4. R. Ili : Lansdell.

5. Berlin : Boulenger.

6. Szamos Ujvar, Hungary: Mehely

7. Ghardaia, Algeria: Lataste.

8. Dead Sea : Tristram.

232 bufonid^e.

Skeleton. — The skull is less strongly ossified than
in Bufo vulgaris; the fronto-parietals, which area
little narrowed in front, meet only in the posterior
half, a narrow portion of the endocranial fontanelle
being exposed except in very old individuals ; these
bones are usually separated from the nasals, a part
of the upper surface of the ethmoid remaining exposed
in front of them ; the squamosal is more detached
from the prootic.

Fig. 86.

Upper view of skull.

The vertebral column, to the base of the urostyle,
measures once and one-fifth to once and one-third the
length of the skull in males, once and a half to once
and three-fifths in females. The third diapophysis is
a little shorter than the second; the sixth, or the
sixth and seventh, are directed forwards. The distal
diameter of the sacral diapophysis equals its length.
Urostyle as long as the six or seven vertebras preceding
it, but slightly longer than the skull, exceptionally
with a short transverse process at the base.

Two bones to the pollex, which is much more de-
veloped in males than in females. Pelvis as long as
the vertebral column without the urostyle. Tibia as
long as, or slightly longer than the femur, which is
more strongly curved than in B. vulgaris, and measures
once and two-thirds to once and four-fifths the length
of the tarsus.

Other characters as in B. vulgaris.

BUFO. 233

Measurements of Skeleton (in millimetres).

<?

?

Length of skull

19

17

Width of skull

25

23

Least interorbital width .

4-5 ..

4-5

Dorsal vertebral column .

29

24

Urostyle

21

20

Humerus

23

19

Radius-ulna

16

12

Manus

20

18

Pelvis

32

28

Femur

25

22

Tibia

24

22

Tarsus

.15

13

Pes ...

30

27

Habits. — Like its congener Bufo vulgaris, B. viridis
is terrestrial and crepuscular; but, as the breeding
season is much more prolonged, lasting from April to
the end of June or the middle of July, owing to the
different condition of the ovaries in the females, males
are found swimming about in the water day and night
three months in the year. C. Koch mentions having
found spawn near Frankfort-on-the-Main in August,
1871. The green toad jumps and swims well, its
movements being more lively than those of the common
toad, and very different from those of the natterjack,
with which, curiously, this species has been united by
some authors, who, no doubt, had never observed the
two alive. This toad is often found near the dwellings
of man, in small gardens, or on waste ground and heaps
of rubbish, even in the suburbs of large cities, as Berlin
and Frankfort-on-the-Main, where I have myself come
across them in such situations. In some parts of
Germany it has received the name " Hausunke," from
its abundance in cellars. Young specimens are espe-
cially conspicuous, hopping about in broad daylight
throughout the summer. The odour of the cutaneous
secretion, which is produced very readily and in great
abundance, reminds me of a linseed poultice.

The voice of the breeding male is louder than that
of the common toad, but much less powerful than
that of the natterjack. But for the intensity, it may

234 bufonidjE.

be compared to a policeman's whistle, being clear and
sonorous with rolling r's.

The male embraces the female under the arms,
pressing the hands on the breast as in frogs, — without,
however, their ever meeting, as usual in the latter.
The embrace may last for a few days. The long egg-
strings are produced slowly, and twisted round weeds
as in the common toad. The larvse transform about
two months later, the young, on leaving the water,
measuring* 10 to 17 mm. from snout to vent.

On the island of Lipari, Mr. Norman Douglass
found tadpoles abundant in the rivulets of warm
mineral water which run down to the sea in the
western part of the island, and the late A. Walter
observed this toad to resort to wells of brackish
water in the Transcaspian steppes.

Eggs. — Resembling those of B. vulgaris, but usually
smaller, measurino- about one and a half millimetres
in diameter, and more numerous, forming longer
strings, in which they are disposed in files of three or
four ; when the strings are stretched the eggs are
arranged in double files. The number of eggs has
been estimated by Heron-Royer at 10,000 to 12,000.
The embryo drops out on the third or fourth day,
before the appearance of the external gills, which are
small, stump-like, and unbranched, and with the tail
in a rudimentary condition.

Tadpolu (PI. II, fig. 4). — Intermediate between B.
vulgaris and B. calamita, but larger than either, and
with broader internarial space. Mouth wide, as in
B. vulgaris ; labial teeth variable, sometimes as in B.
vulgaris, sometimes more as in B. calamita ; the second
upper series narrowly or widely interrupted in the
middle; first lower series measuring one-half to three-
fourths the length of the second.

Distance between the eyes about once and a half the
distance between the nostrils, and equal to the width
of the mouth. Tail three or four times as long as
deep, broadly rounded at one end, its upper crest more

bufo. 235

convex than in B. vulgaris and a little deeper than the
lower; the depth of the muscular part of the tail
about half the greatest total depth.

Brown or greyish-olive above, uniform or with
small darker spots ; belly greyish-white ; caudal crests
greyish-white, with or without small brown spots or
dots.

Total length 44 mm. ; body 18 mm. ; width of body
13 mm. ; tail 26 mm. ; depth of tail 9 mm.

Habitat. — This species has a very wide geographical
range, but is absent from Western Europe. It
inhabits the whole of Central and Southern Europe
as far west as the Rhine (from Elberfeld to Mayence)
and the Alps, the Balearic and other islands of the
Mediterranean, North Africa from Morocco to Lower
Egypt, and South-western and Central Asia as far
east as Mongolia,* Eastern Turkestan, Afghanistan,
and the Himalayas. In Europe it is found in Southern
Sweden, Gothland, Denmark, Russia, Germany, with
exception of the north-west and extreme south-west,
Austria - Hungary, and all the countries east of
the Adriatic, Switzerland south of the Alps, the Alps
of Savoy near the Italian frontier, and all over Italy.
It reaches an altitude of nearly 6500 feet in Savoy,
and ascends to 15,000 feet in the Himalaya, the highest
point at which a Batrachian has yet been observed.

A female specimen from Turin, received from Count
Peracca, is figured on PI. XI. Variations in the
markings are represented on PI. XII ; figs. 1 — 3,
from Cyprus ; fig. 4, from Casablanca, Morocco ; and
fig. 5, from between Quetta and Nushki, Baluchistan.

* There is also an indication of this toad in Manchuria {Bufo
variabilis, var. amurensis, Maack, ' Voy. Amour,' p. 153, 1859), which I
suspect to be based on a confusion with Bvfo raddii, Strauch.

236 BUFONIDJE.

11. BUFO CALAMITA.

(Plate XIII.)

Rosel, Hist. Ran., p. 107, pi. xxiv (1758).

Bufo calamita, Laurenti, Syn. Rept., p. 27, pi. i, fig. 1 (1768);
Daudin, Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap., p. 77, pi. xxviii, fig. 1 (1803),
and Hist. Rept., viii, p. 153 (1803); Pennant, Brit. Zool.,
iii, p. 24 (1812); Gravenhorst, Delic. Mus. Vratisl., p. 65
(1829) ; Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital, Anf. (1838); Bell, Brit.
Rept., p. 116, fig. (1839); Nilsson, Skand. Faun., A inf.,
p. 104 (1842) ; Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal., p. 57 (1858) ; Bruch,
Wiirzb. Naturw. Zeitschr., iii, 1862, p. 185; Ward, Intellec-
tual Observer, v, 1864, p. 227, pi. — ; Steenstrup, Vidensk.
MeddeL, 1869, pp. 8 & 20, fig.; Collin, Naturh Tidsskr.
(3). vi, 1869, p. 342; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 402 (1872) ;
Koch, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1872, p. 166; Schveiber, Herp. Eur.,
p. 141 (1875); Lataste, Herp. Gir., p. 291 (1876); Leydig,
An. Batr., p. 36 (1877); Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880,
p. 547, and Cat. Batr. Ecaud., p. 293 (1882); Heron-Royer,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1884, p. 29, and Bull. Soc. Et. Sc.
Angers (2). xvi, 1887, p. 122; Greening, Yorkshire Naturalist,
1888, p. 357; Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1889, p. 401,
and Batr. Rept. Portug., p. 13 (1889); Heron-Royer &
Van Bambeke, Arch. Biol., ix. 1889, p. 295; Boulenger,
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1891, p. 614, pi. xlvi, fig. 6; Martin &
Rollinat. Vert. Dep. Indre, p. 343 (1894); Werner, Rept.
Auiph. Oesterr.-Ung , p. 100 (1897); Durigen, Deutschl.
Amph., p. 494, pi. i, fig. 3 (1897).

Bana fetidissima, Hermann, Tab. Affin. Anim., p. 260 (1783).

Rana portentosa (Blumenbach), Sturm, Deutschl. Faun., iii,
Heft 1 (1797).

Bufo cruciatus, Schneider, Hist. Aniph.. i, p. 193 (1799).

Bana mephitica, Shaw. Gen. Zool., iii, p. 149, pi. xli* (1802).

Bufo rubeta, Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 159 (1828).

Bufo portentosus, Schinz, Faun. Helv., p. 144 (1837).

Bufo viridis, part., Dumeril & Bibron, Erp. Gen., viii, p. 681
(1841).

Epidalea calamita, Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, p. 102.

Head once and one-fourth to once and two-fifths as
broad as long ; snout short and blunt, with indistinct
canthus and slightly concave loreal regions, as long as
or a little shorter than the diameter of the orbit ;
nostrils equally distant from the eyes and the tip of
the snout, or a little nearer the former ; eyes nearly
equally distant from the tip of the snout and the
angles of the jaws ; interorbital space flat and narrow,

M

j

J?

<

"S

bufo. 237

two-thirds to four-fifths the width of the upper eyelid,
equal to the space between the nostrils ; tympanum
rather indistinct, sometimes even quite hidden,
usually distinct only in its anterior half, rounded, not
measuring more than half the diameter of the eye;
cleft of the mouth extending to or hardly beyond the
vertical of the posterior corner of the eye.

Fingers short and rather pointed ; third longest,
fourth shortest, first aud second equal ; subarticular
tubercles small and in pairs ; a large flat rounded
tubercle in the middle of the hand, and another,
smaller and oval, at the base of the inner finger.

Hind limb remarkably short, little longer than
head aud body in males, not or but slightly longer
or even a little shorter than head and body in females
and young; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches
the shoulder or the posterior corner of the eye in
males, the axil or the shoulder in females and young;
tibia as long as or slightly shorter than the femur, the
heels meeting when the limbs are folded at right angles

Fig. 87.

Lower view of foot of male.

to the rhachis. Toes depressed and short, obtusely
pointed, at most hardly half webbed, often only
connected at the base, the web often not extending
as a distinct fringe along the sides; subarticular
tubercles small, all or most of them in pairs; two
large metatarsal tubercles, that at the base of the
inner toe oval and prominent, that at. the base of the
fourth toe round and flat. A fold is usually present
along the inner side of the tarsus ; it may, however,
be verv indistinct, or even absent.

The warts spread on the back large, but not very pro-

238

BUFONlDiE.

rainent, flattisli, and without any trace of horny spines;
the largest distinctly porous to the naked eye ; two or
three very prominent glands at the angle of the mouth.
Parotoids usually rather small, feebly prominent, oval
or subtriangular, beginning at a short distance behind
the upper eyelids, parallel or slightly converging back-
wards ; their width equals two-fifths to four-fifths their
length, which is equal to their distance from the
nostrils or less : sometimes width and

length

are

Fig. 88.

Female, upper view.

nearly equal. A similar gland on the upper surface
of the forearm and another on the calf. Lower sur-
faces covered with rounded granules, which are much
more developed and more distant from one another on
the lower belly and under the thighs.

Greyish, greenish, brownish, or pinkish above, with
green, olive, or brown marblings or numerous spots,
very variable in size and shape, their outlines not so
well defined as is commonly the case in Bufo viridis.
The markings generally more distinct from the

bufo. 239

ground-colour upon the limbs. Body often dotted all
over with black. The large warts on the back often
red or reddish, margined with black ; parotoids also
often reddish, sometimes with a dark border all round ;
the warts at the angle of the mouth always red.
Nearly always a narrow, filiform yellow vertebral
line extends along the middle of the back from
the snout or the vertex to the vent ; it is some-
times interrupted, rarely entirely absent ; in addition
to this line there is sometimes a broader yellowish
vertebral streak. A light wavy lateral stripe is often
present, especially in females. Lower surfaces dirty
white, more or less abundantly spotted with blackish.
Tips of fingers and toes brown or blackish. Iris
greenish-yellow, veined or vermiculated with black

Specimens from the Spanish peninsula and the
South of France are often more handsomely marbled
than is the case in more northern representatives, and
as the yellow vertebral line is not infrequently absent*
such examples have been referred by some authors to
Bufo viridis.

Males distinguished by stronger fore limbs, some-
what longer hind limbs, and a large subgular vocal
sac, which, when swollen, equals or exceeds the head
in size ; this sac is most developed during the breeding
season, when, from its pigmentation, the male's throat
is bluish or violet. The inner finder is not at all
thickened, but is covered in spring, or even through-
out the year, together with the second and third
fingers, with brown or blackish horny excrescences,
forming a band on the inner and upper side.

In Bufo vulgaris the male is usually considerably
smaller than the female; in B. viridis the dispropor-
tion is less marked, and in this species it can hardly
be said to exist, although there is a slight difference
between the maximum lengths hitherto recorded in
the two sexes, viz. 74 mm. for the male (Brussels)
and 80 for the female (Geneva).

240

BUFONID/E.

Measurements (in millimetres).

S

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

From snout to vent

52 .

. 64 ..

. 73 .

. 75

.. 72

.. 65

Length of head

14 .

. 18 ..

. 19 .

. 17

.. 18

.. 17

Width of head .

18 .

. 24 ..

. 26 .

. 24

.. 24

.. 23

Diameter of eye

5 .

. 7 ..

. 8 .

. 7

.. 6

.. 7

Interorbital width

3 .

. 4 ..

. 5 .

. 4

.. 4

.. 4

From eye to nostril

3 .

. 35..

. 4 .

. 4

.. 4

.. 4

,, end of snout

6 .

. 9 ..

. 10 .

. 9

.. 9

. . v..

Diameter of tympanum

—

. 2-5..

. 4 .

. 3

.. 3

.. 3

Length of'parotoid

9 '.

. 10 ..

. 14 .

. 12

.. 11

.. 11

Width of parotoid

6 .

. 12 .

. 7

7

.. 8

Fore limb

32 .

. 36 ..

. 45 .

. 39

.. 37

.. 34

Hind limb

57 .

. 66 ..

. 83 .

. 73

.. 68

.. 62

Tibia .

16 .

. 21 ..

. 25 .

. 21

.. 20

.. 19

Foot

20 .

. 23 ..

. 29 .

. 23

.. 24

.. 20

1. Castlemaine Harbour, Ireland

Robinson.

2. Blackheath.

3. Oporto : Allen.

4. Ostend : Boulenger.

5. Mesnil-St.-Blaise. Belgium :

Boulenger.

6. Alemtejo, Portugal : Gadow.

Skeleton. — The skull differs from those of B. vul-
garis and B. riridis in the form of the fronto-parietals,
which are only about one-third as broad in front as
behind, and embrace a wide fontanelle, and in the
zygomatic process of the squamosal being more rudi-
mentary still.

Fig. 89.

Upper view of skull.

The length of the vertebral column, to the base of
the urostyle, equals hardly once and one-third or once
and a half that of the skull in males, once and two-
fifths to once and two-thirds in females. Diapophyses
of third vertebra as long as second, of eighth or

BUF0.

2-n

seventh and eighth directed slightly forwards ; of
ninth or sacral strongly dilated, as broad as long
or slightly broader. Urostyle as long as the skull.
A single bone to the pollex. Pelvis slightly longer
than the vertebral column without the urostyle.
Tibia as long as or slightly shorter than the femur,
which is rather strongly curved, and measures once
and three-fifths to once and two-thirds the length of
the tarsus.

Measurements of Skeleton (in millimetres).

Length of skull

Width of skull

Least interorbital width

Dorsal vertebral column

Urostyle

Humerus

Radius-ulna

Manus

Pelvis

Femur

Tibia

Tarsus

Pes .

Habits. — This lively little toad, known by the Anglo-
Saxon name " Natter-Jack," differs from all other
European Batrachians in being unable to hop, owing
to its remarkably short hind limbs. It supplies the
deficiency by running at a considerable pace, the
body raised from the ground, but stopping every few
seconds. It is a good burrower in sandy localities,
for which it shows a decided predilection, although in
France and Spain, where it is very generally distributed
and in many places the commoner species of Bufo,
it accommodates itself to every kind of soil, requiring
less moisture than any other Batrachian. In Northern
Europe it is particularly abundant in the sand-hills
close to the sea, where in summer adult as well as
young may be seen crawling or running about in full
sunshine among the sparse tufts of marram grass,
whilst the eggs and larvas are developing in neigh-
bouring pools of strongly brackish water.

<J

¥

16

17

18

22

3

4

21

24

16

17

18

18

12

12

15

18

24

27

19

20

18

20

12

12

24

22

242 bufonim:.

The breeding period is a much protracted one,
although beginning later than that of any other species,
the edible frog excepted ; for it may last until July
or August, or even September, as observed by Arthur
de l'lsle in Brittany. In Belgium I found the species
breeding in the end of April, in May, and in June ; in
France as early as the beginning of April and as
late as July and the first days of August. On the
coast of Cheshire, Mr. L. Greening has observed the
oviposition at the end of May and early in June, and
the British Museum has received from the Warrington
Museum a specimen from Southport, Lancashire,
labelled as having spawned on April 24th, 1889. In
Germany it is said to spawn from the middle of April
to the end of June. The season seems to be at its
height between the beffinnino- of May and the middle
of June.

Bufo calamita, is a bad swimmer, aud usually resorts
to the water only at night, not venturing far from the
borders ; pairs are found in embrace in the daytime in
holes on the banks of ponds or among reeds (hence
the name calamita, from calamus, reed), where they
betray their presence through their very loud croak, ra,
ra, ra, consisting of a single vibrating note. Choruses,
audible at a distance of a mile or more, are produced
after sunset. The male, when clasping the female, digs
the closed fists into the axils, like the common toad,
but the embrace is of much shorter duration, the eggs
being laid in a few hours during the night. If there
are reeds or other weeds about, the egg-strings are
twined round them ; if not— for this toad often spawns
in small puddles without vegetation, or in roadside
ditches — the paired strings are simply stretched along
the clay or sand at the bottom, where they resemble,
as Heron-Royer observes, a diminutive railway. The
evolution is rapid, and the young usually quit the
water five to eight weeks after the eggs have been
deposited, measuring only 7 to 10 mm. from snout to
vent. In Hardwicke's 'Science Gossip ' for 1872,

bufo. 243

p. 70, Mr. W. H. Warner reports having seen, on
Nov. 8th, near Abingdon, Berks, in the pools of a
deep quarry frequented by the natterjacks, tadpoles in
a half- torpid state, some with and some without legs.
These tadpoles were no doubt remains of an exception-
ally late brood, and very likely did not transform
until the following spring. Males are much more
abundant than females.

When molested, Bufo calamita emits a very strong
and unpleasant odour, produced by the secretion from
the dermal glands, to which it owes the denominations
of fcetidissimus and mephiticus recorded in the syno-
nymy. It is difficult to convey an exact idea of this
smell: boiled india-rubber is perhaps a better compari-
son than that of Rosel — te something between ignited
gunpowder and a Dutch clay pipe smoked for the first
time;" there is certainly nothing sulphury about it,
in spite of a statement of Lord Clermont's.

Eggs. — Small, black, with a small grey or whitish
lower pole, measuring about 1^ millimetres in dia-
meter, in two mucilaginous strings 3 or 4 millimetres
in diameter, which are shorter than in B. vulgaris.

Fig. 90.

^-^•.a a:« a •?•

§ • v. • • a « y^*®i^*iiii*Mi» ••

These strings measure only 5 or 6 feet, when un-
stretched 5 and contain 3000 to 4000 eggs, which are in
two files, in one when stretched. The evolution is
rapid ; the embryo is liberated after three to five days,
and produces a few days later its rudimentary,
unbranched external gills, which do not last much
more than a day. Heron-Royer has described the
changes in their disposition which the eggs undergo
during development. At first in two files they become
displaced as they enlarge, and form a single row ; the

244 BUFONIDiE.

strings, unlike those of B. vulgaris, lose their cylindrical
form two or three days after being laid, each inner
capsule swelling up, and ultimately assume a rosary-
like appearance.

Tadpole (PL II, fig. 5). — Differs from that of the
common toad in the narrower mouth, which measures
less than the interocular space and a little more than
the distance between the nostrils ; the somewhat
more convex upper caudal crest ; and the lesser length
of the second series of upper Jabial teeth, which is
very broadly interrupted in the middle.

Black above, sides and belly dark lead-grey, with
pale bronzy dots ; caudal crests grey, finely speckled
with black ; throat and chin sometimes whitish ; the
light vertebral line, characteristic of this species,
sometimes present before the appearance of the fore
limbs.

This is the smallest European tadpole, seldom
reaching the length of 30 millimetres recorded by
Bedriaga. The following are the measurements of
the largest of hundreds of specimens examined by me.
Total length, 25 millimetres; body, 10; width of
body, 7 ; tail, 15; depth of tail, 5.

Habitat. — The natterjack is a Western species,
abundant and generally distributed in France and the
Spanish Peninsula, becoming gradually more local to
the east, where it occurs in company with Bvfo virldis,
and not extending further than the Gulf of Ri^a,
Poland, Bohemia, and Galicia;* it is absent south of
the Alps and in the islands of the Mediterranean. In
the north it is found in Ireland, in Scotland on the
Moray Firth, in England, in Denmark, in Southern
Sweden, and in the islands of the Baltic. Its distribu-
tion in England is an irregular one, the species being
more local than rare, and apparently restricted to sandy
localities; it is on record from Middlesex, Kent, Surrey,
Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, Hert-

* The record of B. calamita in Amourland is probably due to a con-
fusion with examples of B. vulgaris showing a light line along the spine.

bufo. 245

fordshire, Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Nor-
folk, Lincolnshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, Westmor-
land, and Cumberland. In Ireland it is only known
from the co. Kerry, where it is very abundant around
Castlemaine and Valentia harbours. The highest
altitudes at which this species has been found are
3250 feet in the Alps, and 4000 feet in the Jura.

In describing the distribution of the common toad,
attention has been drawn to its absence from many
islands. The present species and the green toad, on
the contrary, appear to be found in most of the islands
within the area of their habitat, a fact that may bear
relation to the greater facility with which the eggs and
larvse of both these species can resist salt water.

Two specimens, male and female, from Mes nil-
Saint-Blaise, Belgium, are figured on PI. XIII, the
male in the act of croaking, with fully distended gular
sac, the female in the running attitude so characteristic
of this species.

Hybrids. — Although no specimens have yet been
found in a free state which there is sufficient reason
to pronounce as hybrids, it is a well-known fact,
tested by de l'lsle, Bruch, Pfliiger, Born, and Heron-
Royer, that under artificial fecundation our species
of toads cross much more readily than do the frogs.
De l'lsle succeeded in obtaining hybrid larva) between
Bufo vulgaris and B. calamita, Heron-Royer perfect
young of the same, and Born perfect young between
B. vulgaris and B. viridis. C. Koch has noticed,
under the name of Bufo cinereus, var. hybridus, a
female specimen caught near Frankfort (M.) in April,
1872, pairing with a B. viridis, and which he assumed,
from its general appearance, to be a cross between
B. vulgaris and B. viridis. The description given of
the specimen is, however, to my mind, by no means
convincing as to its hvbricl nature.

246 HYLIML

Family 4.— HYLID^E.

Vertebras procoelous, without autogenous ribs ; dia-
pophyses of sacral vertebra dilated. Upper jaw
toothed. Terminal phalanges claw-shaped, swollen
at the base.

The arboreal frogs which constitute this family are
nearly related to the toads, from which they differ in
the presence of teeth in the upper jaw, and in the
shape of the terminal phalanges, supporting adhesive
disks of a special nature,* by which they are enabled to
climb with great facility. The Hylidse embrace thirteen
genera, and nearly equal the Ranidae in the large
number of the species. They are absent from tropical
and South Africa and Madagascar, and from the
greater part of the Indian region. As regards the
number of species, they are few in the Palsearctic
region, more numerous in North America, and most
abundantly represented in Central and South America
and Australia. The type genus is the only European
representative.

7. Hyla.

Laurenti, Syn. Kept., p. 32 (1868). — Partim.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire or slightly nicked,
more or less free behind. Vomerine teeth. Tympanum
distinct or hidden. Fingers free or webbed; toes
webbed ; tips of fingers and toes dilated into distinct
disks; outer metatarsals bound together. Omosternum
and sternum cartilaginous.

About 160 species are known.

The distribution of the single European species
and its varieties over nearly the whole of the Pala3-
arctic region is shown in the accompanying map.

* Described above, p. 15. .

[At paye 246.

DISTRIBUTION OF HYLA ARBOREA.

//v.

JJV.

-.

■dfE

«s.

B

. /'/'■/ /// ''

rf 7 /■>■'/ (ft .

'//'

HYLA. 247

12. Hyla arborea.
(Plates XIV and XV.)

Rosel, Hist. Ran., p. 32, pis. ix— xii (1758).

Bana arborea, Linnceus, Faun. Suec, 2nd ed., p. 102 (1761), and
Syst. Nat., i, p. 357 (1766); Sturm, Deutscbl. Faun., iii,
Heft 1 (1799); Seetzen, Reise Syr. Pal., iii, p. 486 (1855).

Hyla viridis, Laurenti, Syn. Rept., p. 33 (1768); Daudin, Hist.
Rain. Gren. Crap., p. 14, pi. i (1803), and Hist. Rept., viii,
p. 23 (1803) ; Gravenhorst, Deiic. Mus. Vratisl., p. 23 (1829) ;
Duvernoy, Regne Anim., Rept., pi. xxxvii, fig. 3 (1836) ;
Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf. (1837); Nilsson,
Skand. Faun., Amf., p. 73 (1842); Duineril & Bibron, Erp.
Gen., viii, p. 581 (1841); Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 423
(1872) ; Lataste, Herp. Gir., p. 214 (1876) ; Lessona, Atti
Ace. Line, i, Mem. CI. Sc. fis., 1877, p. 1090, pi. iii; Martin
& Rollinat, Vert. Dep. Indre, p. 318 (1894).

Calamita arboreus, Schneider, Hist. Amph., i, p. 153 (1799);
Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 170 (1820).

Hyla arborea, Cuvier, Regne Anim., ii, p. 94 (1817) ; Schlegel,
Faun. Japon., Rept., p. 112, pi. iii, fig. 6 (1836); Giinther,
Cat. Batr. Sal., p. 107 (1858); Collin, Naturh. Tidsskr. (3),
vi, 1869, p. 302; De Betta, Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf., p. 61
(1874); Schreiber, Herp. Eur., p. 106 (1875); Leydig, An.
Batr., p. 94 (1877) ; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Ecaud., p. 379
(1882) : Camerano, Mem. Ace. Torin. (2), xxxv, 1883, p. 223,
fig. ; Heron-Royer, Bull. Soc. Et. Sc. Angers, xiv, 1885,
p. 102 ; Heron-Royer & Van Bambeke, Arch. Biol., ix, 1889,
p. 245; Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc, 1889, p. 466, and
Amph. Rept. Portug., p. 16 (1889) ; Heron-Royer, Mem. Soc.
Zool. France, iv, 1891, p. 75; Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc,
1891, p. 610, pi. xlvi, figs. 1—3; Mehely, Mon. Kronstadt,
Herp., p. 72 (1892); Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung.,
p. 101 (1897); Durigen, Deutscbl. Amph., p. 507, pi. iv,
fig. 3 (1897).

Hyla savignyi, Andouin, Descr. Egypte, Rept., Suppl., p. 183,
pi. ii, fig. 13 (1827).

Dendrohyas arborea, Tschndi, Class. Batr., p. 74 (1838).

Dendrohyas sarda (Bonelli), De Betta, Cat. Syst. Rer. Nat.,
Rept., p. 24 (1853).

Hyla arborea, var. japonica, Giinther, 1. e, p. 109; Boulenger, Cat.
Batr. Ecaud., p. 381, and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1887, pi. Ii, fig. 2.

Hyla arborea, var. meridionalis, Boettger, Abh. Senck. Ges., ix,
1874, p. 66; Boulenger, Cat., p. 380, and Tr. Zool. Soc, xiii,
1S91, p. 159; Steindachner, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vi, 1891,
p. 303.

Hyla japonica, Camerano, Atti Ace Torin., xiv, 1879, p. 895.

Hyla perezi, Bosca, An. Soc Esp., ix, 1880, p. 181, and x, 1881,
pi. ii, figs. 7—10.

Hyla viridis, var. sarda, Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1880-81,
p. 143.

248

HYLIDJ].

Fig. 91.

Open mouth.

Hyla arborea, var. savignyi, Boulenger. Cat., p. 380; Camerano,

Mem. Ace. Turin. (2), xxxv, 1883, p. 226, fig., and Boll.

Mus. Torin., viii, 1893, No. 162, p. 4.
Hyla arborea, var. intermedia, Boulenger, 1. c p. 381.
Hyla barytonus, Heron-Royer, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1884,

p. 220, pi. ix, and Bull. Soc. Et. Sc. Angers, xiv, 1885, p. 104.
Hyla arborea, var. orientalis, Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc ,

1889, p. 473.
Hyla arborea, var. molleri, Bedriaga, 1. c, p. 474.

Vomerine teeth in two small, round or transversely
oval groups between the choanas, which are not larger
than the Eustachian tubes. Tongue cir-
cular, moderately free and nicked behind.
Head broader than long; snout short,
rounded, scarcely projecting, as long as
the diameter of the orbit; canthus ros-
tralis distinct ; loreal region slio-htlv
oblique, grooved ; nostril midway be-
tween the eye and the tip of the snout,
or a little nearer the latter; eye mode-
rate ; interorbital space as broad as the
upper eyelid, a little broader than the distance between
the nostrils ; tympanum perfectly distinct, not more
than half the diameter of the eye.

Fingers moderate, webbed at the base, the rudi-
mentary web sometimes very indistinct, the terminal
disks nearly as large as the tympanum; first finger
shorter than second, second and fourth nearly equal,
third longest ; subarticular tubercles large, prominent ;
no distinct palmar tubercles. A strong fold separates
the hand from the forearm above.

Hind limb moderate; the tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the tympanum, the eye, or between the eye
and the nostril ; tibia as long as or a little longer than
the femur, the heels nearly meeting or overlapping
when the legs are folded at right angles to the rhachis.
Foot as long as or shorter than the tibia; toes one-
half to two-thirds webbed, the disks a little smaller
than those of the finp;ers ; subarticular tubercles well
developed, prominent; a round or oval inner meta-
tarsal tubercle, measuring one-third to two-fifths the

HYLA.

249

length

of the inner toe ; outer metatarsal tubercle
very small or indistinct. A more or less distinct fold
along the inner edge of the tarsus.

Fig. 92.

Lower surface of foot.

Skin perfectly smooth above, granular on the belly
and under the thighs, also on the throat in the female ;
a fold above the tympanum, and another across the
breast.

Usually uniform bright green above, but turning to
grey, yellowish, or blackish, with or without small
darker spots ; white beneath ; inner fingers and inner
toes pale yellow or rosy. The markings which
distinguish the different varieties will be noticed
further on. Iris golden, more or less obscured by
brown vermiculations, or nearly entirely of a rather
dark brown.

Fig. 93.

Male before and after inflation of the vocal sac.

Male distinguished by a large external subgular
vocal sac, of yellow, brown, or green colour, which
when empty forms folds, and when blown out resembles
a bladder considerably larger than the head. Apparent
copulatory asperities are absent, but the base of the
inner finder is sometimes covered durinp; the breeding
season with small, colourless, horny granules.

250 uylidm.

Geographical Variations. — This species may be
divided, from the permanent markings, into a number
of more or less defined varieties, each of which has a
distinct habitat.

1. Forma typica. A greyish, brown, or black streak,
edged above with yellow or white, extends from the
nostril through the eye and the tympanum along the
side of the body, sending upwards and forwards a
branch on the loin ; a whitish line on the upper lip,
descending to the shoulder, and then ascending to the
eye, limiting an elongate green area behind and below
the commissure of the jaws ; a dark, light-edged cross-
line above the vent ; the outer side of the fore-arm,
carpus and fourth finger, tibia, tarsus, metatarsus,
and fifth toe with a more or less distinct dark and
light edge.

This is the most widely distributed form in Europe,
inhabiting the greater part of the continent and ex-
tending into Asia Minor.

2. Var. savignyi, Aud. (japonica, Gthr.). Similar
to the typical form, but the marking on the loin is
absent, or distinct from the lateral streak, which is
frequently broken up into spots from the middle of
the side.

Inhabits Corsica, Elba, Sardinia, the Greek Archi-
pelago, South-western Asia, Lower Egypt, Corea,
China, and Japan.

Allusion has been made in the Introduction to the
great facility with which the common tree-frog not
only changes colour, but also puts on temporary dark
or light spots, which greatly alter its appearance.
In this variety, however, we find specimens with large
dark spots or stripes on the back and cross-bars on
the limbs, which appear to be permanent, and owing
to which these frogs have been regarded as distinct
species (H. japonica, Gthr., H. sarda, Bonelli). Such
specimens are more frequent in China and Japan,
but also occur, though in lesser abundance than and
promiscuously with unspotted ones, in Corsica, in

.'''/.

XV.

T

/f/ ,//■/■?>/■///. /■?//; ,Jr/t vc/// /// .

f/f/// // '

I1YLA. 251

Sardinia, in Cyprus, in Syria, and in Persia. We
have here to deal with a case of colour-dimorphism
which is the more striking: from the fact that in most
parts of Europe the coloration of the tree-frog, apart
from the play of the chromatophores, is so very
constant.

These spotted or striped examples are of further
interest in throwing light upon the origin of the
curious lumbar marking of the typical form. Elongate,
dark, light-edged spots may form a regular series along
each side of the back, the last spot meeting at an
angle the lateral dark streak, with which it may even
sometimes be almost confluent, as is shown on one
side in a Sardinian specimen in M. Lataste's collection
(PI. XV, fig. 1), and in a Japanese specimen in the
British Museum (fig. 5). There is every reason to
believe that these examples represent the original
form from which the other colour-varieties have been
derived, and that the lumbar marking of the typical
H. arbor ea is to be looked upon as the remains of a
second, upper longitudinal stripe.

Some specimens (Cyprus) have four stripes or series
of spots in addition to the lateral ; others (Japan)
have a pair of _l- or >-shaped markings on the
scapular region.

3. Var. intermedia, Blgr. Agrees with the typical
form in having a lateral line and a mark on the loin ;
but the green extends on the sides of the throat, as
in var. meridionalls. This variety was established on
a specimen from Bologna and another from Sicily,
which are perhaps only mongrels between the typical
form and the var. meridionalis.

4. Var. meridionalis, Bttgr. (perezi, Bosca, barytonus,
Heron-Roy er). The green of the upper surfaces
extends on each side of the throat, where it gradu-
ally vanishes, or involves nearly the whole of the
vocal sac ; a dark brown or golden line from the
nostril to the eye, usually continued behind the latter,
covering entirely or partially the tympanum ; no

252

HYLIML

lateral line on the body; a whitish cross-streak above
the vent; a whitish oi* pale golden line along the
inner edge of the tibia and the outer edge of the
tarsus, metatarsus, and fifth toe ; back of the thighs
often yellow or pale orange, uniform or speckled with
brown. This form inhabits the south of France,
Italy, the Pyrenean peninsula, the Balearic Islands,
North-west Africa, Madeira, and the Canary Islands.
A further variety (immacidata, Bttgr.*) has been
described from China, but as it lacks the web between
the fingers it cannot be united with H. arbor ea. Var.
orientalis, Bedr., from Russia, and var. molleri, Bedr.,
from Portugal, I would regard as not sufficiently
distinguished from the typical form ; and the var.
intermedia, Blgr., may be merely a mongrel. I shall
therefore limit myself to remarks on the value of the
characters of the vars. savignyi and meridionalis,
which have been regarded by some authors as distinct
species. But before doing this it is desirable to give
detailed measurements of specimens of the typical
form and the two principal varieties.

Measurements

(in millimetres).

Forma typica.

1.

•2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

From snout to vent

44 ...

42

... 36 .

.. 44

.. 43

.. 45

Length of bead

12 ...

12

... 11 .

.. 12

.. 12

.. 12

Width of head

15 ...

15

... 13 .

.. 15

.. 15

.. 15

Diameter of eye

4-5 ...

45

... 35.

.. 4

.. 4-5

.. 4-5

Inter orbital width .

3-5...

4

.. 3 .

.. 35

.. 35

.. 3-5

From eye to nostril

3 ...

3

... 2-5.

.. 3

.. 3

.. 3

,, end of snout .

6 ...

6

... 5 .

.. 6

.. 6

.. 6

Diameter of tympanum

o

... 15.

.. 2

.. 2-5

.. 2

Fore limb

26 '.'.'.

25

... 21 .

.. 26

.. 27

.. 27

Hind limb .

60 ...

61

.. 53 .

.. 63

.. 65

.. 63

Tibia

19 ...

19

... 16 .

.. 20

.. 19

.. 19

Foot.

19 ...

18

... 15 .

.. 18

.. 19

.. 19

1. St. Malo : Boulenger.

5. Opo

L'tO.

2, 4. Calabria : Gigliol

L.

6. Cret

e: Mai

tzan.

3. Corunna: Seoane

* Ber. Senck. Ges., 1888, p. 189, and 1894, p. 140.

HYLA.

253

s

Var. savignyi.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

From snout to vent

. 30 .

.. 44 .

. 40 .

. 39 .

. 50 .

. 39

Length of head

. 9 .

.. 12 .

. 11 .

. 10 ..

. 13 .

. 11

Width of bead

. 11 .

.. 15 .

. 13 ..

. 13 ..

. 16 .

. 13

Diameter of eye

. 3-5.

.. 4 .

. 4 .

. 3-5 ..

. 5 .

. 4

Interorbital width .

. 3 .

.. 4 .

. 35.

. 3 ..

. 4 .

. 35

From eye to nostril

. 2-5.

.. 3-5..

o

. 25..

. 3 .

. 25

„ end of snout

. 4 .

.. 6 .

. 5 .

. 5 ..

. 6 .

. 5

Diameter of tyinjjanum

. 1-5.

o

. 2 ..

o

. 2-5..

. 2

Fore limb

. 18 .

'.'. 28 '.

. 25 .

'. 26 "..

. 30 .

. 24

Hind limb .

. 45 .

.. 69 .

. 59 ..

. 59 ..

. m .

. 55

Tibia

. 14 .

.. 21 .

. 19 .

. 18 ..

. 20 .

. 16

Foot .

. 12 .

.. 19 .

. 16 .

. 16 ..

. 19 .

. 16

1. Elba: Trevelyan.

2. Wady-el-Kurm : Tristram.

3. L. Bamas : Barrois.

4. Sardinia: Lataste.

5. Fao, Persia : dimming.

6. Gensan, Corea : Leech.

Var. meridionalis.

S

¥

A

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

From snout to vent .

. 38 ...

41

... 43 ... 38 .

. 46 ...

48

Length of head

11 ...

11

... 12 ... 11 .

. 12 ...

12

Width of head

13 ...

13

... 14 ... 12 .

. 15 ...

15

Diameter of eye

. 4 ...

4

... 45... 35.

. 4-5...

4-5

Interorbital width

3 ...

35... 4 ... 3 ..

. 35...

3-5

From eye to nostril .

3 ...

Q

o

O ... O

. 3 5...

35

,, end of snout

5 ...

5

... 6 ... 5 .

. 6 ...

6

Diameter of tympanum

o

o

... 2-5... 2 ..

. 2-5...

2-5

Fore limb

23 ".'..

25

... 2S ... 22 .

. 26 ...

27

Hind limb

60 ...

65

... 6S ... 58 .

. 69 ...

70

Tibia .

19 ...

21

... 21 ... 18 .

. 21 ...

22

Foot .

. 16 ...

17

... 19 ... 15 .

. 19 ...

19

1,4. Cadillac, Gironde : La

taste.

5. Genoa : Pou

lton.

2. Bologna : Bianconi.

6. Hammam Meskoutine :

3. Cabeza del Buzy : Bos

ca.

Anderson

In the typical form the tibia is not longei* than the
thigh, not or but slightly longer than the foot; when
the limbs are folded, the heels hardly or just meet
without overlapping, and when stretched forwards
the heel or tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tym-
panum or the eye. In the var. savignyi the proportions
are the same, or approach those of the var. meridionalis,
as, for instance, in the specimen from Elba. In
the var. meridionalis the form is more slender ; the
tibia is longer than the femur, longer than the foot,

254 hylid.t..

the heels overlap, and the tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the eye or between the eye and the nostril.
Besides, the vocal sac is larger, and the voice deeper,
whence the name barytonns, which has been given to
it by Heron-Royer.

Fig. 94.

Hind limbs of Hyla arborea, showing variations in the proportions
of the tibia and foot. The dotted line indicates the middle line
of the body. A. $, f. typiea, St. Malo. B. $, v. Savignyi,
Jerusalem, c. J 1 , v. meridionalis, Cannes.

These structural differences are, however, far from
constant ; there are intermediate forms, as, for in-
stance, the var. molleri, which Bedriaga defines as a
H. meridionalis with the coloration of the typical form.
A male specimen from Ciudad Real may, I think, be
referred to it ; the heels slightly overlap, the tibia
measures 17 mm. and the foot 15, just as in a H. meri-
dionalis, but the coloration is that of the typical form,
and the specimen was identified as such by Bosca. A
female from Coimbra, received from Dr. de Beclriao;a
himself, agrees in the proportion of the limbs : tibia
22 mm., foot 20.

A glance at the preceding tables of measurements
suffices to show that the difference in length between
tibia and foot, so considerable in the extremes, is
bridged over in such a manner as to render a precise
definition impossible. The same may be said of the
development of the vocal sac. We have therefore to
fall back upon the coloration for diagnosing the three
forms, and this is surely not enough to justify their
being treated as species, the more so as the var.
savignyi is itself a connecting link between the typical

HYLA. 255

form and the var. meridional is .* We have here to
deal with a similar case as offered by liana esculenta,
and I have adopted the same course, viz. reduced the
various forms to the rank of varieties.

Skeleton. — Skull feebly ossified. A very large
fontanelle above, bordered on the sides by the narrow
fronto-parietal bones; ethmoid short, its upper lamina
obtusely pointed or rounded in front and penetrating
between the nasals, which are small and separated from
each other. Squamosal feeble, with short zygomatic
branch. Vomers small, separated or narrowly in
contact on the median line ; palatines well developed ;
pterygoid small, the three branches about equal in
length, and widely separated from the palatine; para-
sphenoid X-shaped, pointed in front, reaching to be-
tween the palatines. Mento-Meckelian bones distinct.

Hyoid a short cartilaginous plate, much broader
than long, with moderately slender cornua and no
anterior processes, very short postero-lateral processes,
and long, slender bony styles (thyrohyals) posteriorly.

Vertebral column twice to twice and one-third as
long as the skull. First diapophysis slender and hori-
zontal or directed slightly forwards ; second much
longer and expanded at the end, somewhat similar in
shape to the sacral diapophysis; third to eighth slender
and subequal in length ; the third and fourth directed
backwards, the fifth horizontal, the sixth and seventh
directed forwards. Sacral vertebra with moderately
dilated diapophyses, and two condyles for articulation
with urostyle. Latter a little shorter than the rest of
the vertebral column, without transverse processes at
the base.

Praecoracoids slender, strongly curved, entering the
glenoid cavity; coracoids nearly straight, dilated
towards the epicoracoid ; omosternum and sternum car-
tilaginous; supra-scapula partially ossified. Humerus

* I have specimens of the latter from Tangier which show a slight
but distinct indication of the lateral streak, and are thus intermediate
between H. meridionalis and H. savignyi.

256

HYLIDJ3.

once and a half as long as raclius-ulna. Carpus with
six elements, two of which are in contact with radius-
ulna ; two bones to the prsepollex.

Pelvis about two-thirds the length of the vertebral
column. Pubis ossified, not entering the acetabulum.

Fig. 95.

Skeleton of male.

Femur feebly curved, as long as or shorter than tibia-
fibula ; astragalus and calcaneum slender, about half
the leno-th of tibia-fibula; three tarsalia in the distal

HYLA.

257

row, and two bones to the praehallux. Terminal
phalanges claw-shaped, swollen at the base.

Measurements of Skeleton (in millimetres).

F.

typica.

V. savignyi.

V. meridion

<?

?

s

s

Length of skull

13

... 13

11

12

Width of skull

16

... 16

14

15

Least interorbital width

4

... 4

3-5

4

Dorsal vertebral co

luuin

16

... 16

14

16

Urostyle

15

... 13

13

14

Humerus

12

... 11

11

11

Radius-ulna

8

... 7

6-5

75

Manus

. 15

... 14

13

13

Pelvis

19

... 18

17

19

Femur

. 19

... 19

18

20

Tibia

19

... 18

19

21

Tarsus

. 11

... 11

10

12

Pes .

. 20

... 19

17

20

Habits. — Hyla arborea holds a unique position
among European Batrachians from its scansorial,
arboreal habits. The adhesive disks in which its digits
terminate enable it to climb with the greatest facility
up smooth vertical surfaces, and a considerable part of
its existence is spent in the foliage of bushes and
trees. Owing probably to confidence in its protec-
tive coloration, this Batrachian makes no attempt
to escape when detected, and, although a powerful
jumper and expert acrobat, its attitude when handled
is so quiet and passive as to make it a pet in all
countries : alone of its tribe it does not inspire fright
or repulsion to most people, although the acrid secre-
tion of its skin is highly poisonous, and produces a
smarting sensation when applied to our mucous mem-
branes or to excoriated parts of our fingers.

Its barometrical qualities, so valued in Germany,
where the little frog is kept in glass cylinders furnished
with a ladder standing in an inch or two of water,
which ladder the frog is supposed to ascend or descend,
and thus forecast the weather, have been much
exaggerated. Lendenfeld's experiments have con-
vinced him that no reliance can be placed on its

s

258 hylidj:.

prognostics — a conclusion which my own experience
can only confirm.

The tree-frog lives well in confinement, feeding
readily on flies and mealworms ; a man of the name
of Papst, in Gotha, is said to have kept one for
twenty-two years.

In Central Europe pairing takes place in April or
beginning of May, mostly at night, and lasts but a short
time. The male seizes the female about the arms,
and dio-s the hands in the axils or above the shoulders
under the fold prolonged from the supra-tympanic.
The croaking during the pairing season is very loud,
produced mostly in the evening and at night, and the
males joining in choruses, the rolling crak-crah voice
is to be heard miles off. These concerts are continued
far into the summer when the weather is bright or
on the approach of a thunderstorm, and sometimes
even as late as autumn. The female enters the water,
where she is awaited by the males, only when ready
to spawn, and oviposition is accomplished in a few
hours. Deep pools or ponds of clear water, more or
less richly endowed with vegetation, sometimes flooded
quarries, are selected for the purpose, and in the early
part of summer the graceful tadpoles may be seen
swimming about like fish in every direction, very
unlike most others, which keep more to the bottom
and only rise now and then to fetch air at the surface,
or lazily lie basking in the sun in the shallow parts.

Metamorphosis takes place at the end of July or
beoinninof of Aumist, when swarms of baby tree-frogs
may be found hidden in the grass near their birth-
place, whence they emerge after a heavy ram in such
numbers as to produce the delusion of showers of
frogs ; a delusion which is much increased by the fact
that they sometimes climb up the clothes of passers by,
who fancy they have come down on them with the
rain.

A case of hibernation in the larval state has been
recorded bv Lessona.

HYLA. 259

Eggs. — Deposited in several lumps, not exceeding
the size of a walnut, attached to weeds below the
surface of the water. Vitelline sphere
measuring 1-| mm. in diameter, yellow-
ish-white with grey or pale brown *£$$^M$L*
upper pole ; external adhesive envelop ,f^t?^|^^
not measuring more than 4 mm. in
diameter. Each female produces only
800 to 1000 eggs. The embryo, when
liberated, is yellowish, with rudi-
mentary branched external gills, and a well-developed
tail.

Tadpole (PI. II, figs. 6 — 8). — Length of body once
and one-third to once and a half its width, about half
the length of the tail. Nostrils a little nearer the
eyes than the end of the snout. Eyes perfectly
lateral, visible from above and from below, a little
nearer the spiraculum than the end of the snout ;
the distance between the eyes once and a half to twice
as great as the distance between the nostrils, which
equals the width of the mouth. Spiraculum on the
left side, directed upwards and backwards, nearer the
posterior than the anterior extremity of the body, not
very prominent, but visible from above and from
below. Anus opening on the right side, close to the
body, above the lower edge of the tail. Tail once
and three-fourths to twice and one-third the length
of the body, twice to twice and a half as long as deep,
acutely pointed, attenuate or mucronate at the end ;
upper crest very convex, and extending far forwards
on the back, almost to between the eyes ; lower crest
as much developed as the upper, and extending on to
the belly considerably beyond the anus ; the depth of
the muscular portion at its base one- third or rather
less than one-third the greatest total depth.

Beak broadly edged with black. Lips bordered
with papillae, which are absent in the middle of the
upper border, and usually form two rows on the lower
lip. Series of labial teeth f , all except the first lower

260 HYLID.E.

occupying nearly the whole width of the lip ; the
second upper is narrowly interrupted in the middle,
and so is sometimes the third lower; the first lower
series only one-third to half as long as the second.

The lines of muciferous crypts can usually be traced
without much difficulty : a loop-shaped one on each
side of the head, passing above the nostril and border-
ing the eye above and below, both ends nearly meet-
ing close to the upper lip ; and another along each side
of the body to the middle of the muscular portion of
the tail.

Olive above, with golden gloss ; sides with golden
spots ; belly white, with pearl-coloured or golden
spots ; muscular part of the tail yellowish with or
without blackish dots and frequently with a median
black line at its base ; caudal crests whitish, immacu-
late or more or less profusely dotted and spotted with
orev or blackish.

Total length 49 mm.; body 16; width of body 12;
tail 33 ; depth of tail 15.

Tadpoles of the var. meridionalis differ in having
the second series of upper labial teeth more broadly
interrupted in the middle, and in having the muscular
part of the tail bordered above and below by a black
line ; these two lines, together with a third running
along the middle line of the side of the tail, which is
immaculate or but scantily spotted, give it a peculiar
appearance.

Camerano has described tadpoles of the var. savignyi
from Syria. He finds them to agree with the typical
form in the buccal apparatus. Some specimens re-
semble the var. vieridionalis in the two black lines on
the muscular part of the tail, whilst others are quite
similar to the typical form. The single Syrian tadpole
examined by me is distinguished by a pair of broad
dark brown stripes along the muscular part of the tail,
the lower being broken up into elongate spots. Thus,
as a larva as well as in the perfect state, the var.
savignyi connects the characters of the typical form

HTLA. 261

and the var. meridionalis, and affords a further argru-
ment against specific distinction.

Habitat. — The range of Hyla arborea extends across
the Pahearctic region, from Western Europe, North-
west Africa, Madeira, and the Canary Islands to Corea,
Japan, China, and Hainan. The northernmost points
of its habitat are Southern Sweden and Livonia, and it
is absent from the British Isles. The typical form is
distributed over the greater part of Europe, with the
exception of Southern France, and occurs also in
Transcaucasia and Asia Minor. The var. intermedia
is only known from Italy and Sicily. The var. savignyi
is found in Corsica, Elba, Sardinia, Asia Minor, Cyprus,
Syria, Lower Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Central Asia,
Corea, China, Japan, and Hainan. The var. meridio-
nalis inhabits the south of France, Spain and Portugal,
Liguria, Emilia, Sicily (?), Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco,
Madeira, and the Canary Islands.

The typical form reaches an altitude of 3300 feet in
the Alps, according to Fatio.

Of the three specimens figured on PI. XIV, two,
male and female, belong to the typical form from
Belgium ; the third, on the right-hand side, is a female
of the var. meridionalis from the Riviera.

Specimens of the var. savignyi are represented on
PI. XV, figs. 1 and 2, from Sardinia (Lataste Collec-
tion) ; fig. 3, from Cyprus (Rolle) ; fig. 4, from Wady el
Kurm, Syria (Tristram); fig. 5, from Tsu-Shima, Japan
(Hoist); fig. 6, from Daibutz, Japan (J. Anderson).

202

Series B.— FIRMISTERNIA.

Pectoral arch immoveable, the coracoids firmly united
by a simple epicoracoid cartilage ; prcecoracoids rest-
ing with their distal extremity upon the coracoids, or
connected with the latter by the epicoracoid cartilage.

Family 5.— RANID^J.

Vertebrae proccelons, without autogenous ribs ; dia-
pophyses of sacral vertebra cylindrical. Upper jaw
toothed.

This family, the most specialised of the order,
contains a large number of genera, and its distribution
extends over the greater part of the world, Australia,
New Zealand, and the southern parts of South
America excepted. The genus Bana is its only repre-
sentative in the western Palsearctic sub-region.

8. Rana.

Linnseus, Syst. Nat., p. 354 (1766).— Partial.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue free and forked behind.
Vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct or hidden.
Fingers free ; toes webbed ; outer metatarsals sepa-
rated by web. Omosternum and sternum with a
strong bony style.

The distribution of this genus is the same as that
of the family, but only one species, out of about 160
that are now known, is found in the tropical parts of
South America, and one in the extreme north of
Queensland ; the great bulk belong to the Indian

[At page 263.

DISTRIBUTION OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF RANA.— I. RANA ESCULENTA.

[At page 203.

■ K

^J

J^ s

-m

DISTRIBUTION OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF RANA.— II. RAN^E TEMPORARLE.

EANA. 263

region. Eight species are known to occur in Europe;
they may be distinguished by means of the following
synopsis :

I. Vomerine teeth between the choanoe or extending
slightly beyond their posterior borders ; inter-
orbital space very narrow, measuring one-third
to one-half the width of the upper eyelid ; male
with external vocal sacs ; colour often green.

B. esculenta.
II. Vomerine teeth behind the level of the choance ;
vocal sacs internal or absent; colour never
green.

a. Tibio-tarsal articulation rarely reaching the

tip of the snout and never beyond ; distance
between the dorso-lateral glandular folds
contained five to seven times in the length
from snout to vent; male with internal
vocal sacs.

Inner metatarsal tubercle large, hard, com-
pressed, measuring one-halt to two-thirds
its distance from the tip of the inner toe ;
first finger extending beyond second ; tibia
shorter than the fore limb. B. arvalis.

Inner metatarsal tubercle small, soft, oval;
first and second fingers equal, or first
extending slightly beyond second ; tibia as
long as or slightly shorter than the fore
limb B. camerani.

Inner metatarsal tubercle small, soft, oval ;
first finger extending beyond second ; tibia
considerably shorter than the fore limb.

B. temporaria.

b. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the tip of

the snout or beyond; tibia as long as or a little
shorter than the fore limb ; distance between
the dorso-lateral glandular folds contained
four to five and a half times in the length
from snout to vent; male without vocal sacs.

264 banidj:.

1 . Tympanum measuring one-half to two-thirds

the diameter of the eye, from which it is
separated by a distance equal to one-half
to once its own diameter.

Distance between the nostrils greater than the
interorbital width ; tympanum moderately or
feebly distinct ; first finger not extending or
extending but very slightly beyond second ;
inner metatarsal tubercle two-fifths to one-
half the length of the inner toe, as long as
the diameter of the tympanum.

R. grseca.

Distance between the nostrils a little greater
than the interorbital width ; tympanum very
distinct ; first finger not extending or ex-
tending but very slightly beyond second;
inner metatarsal tubercle one-third the
length of the inner toe, shorter than the
diameter of the tympanum. R. iberica.

Distance between the nostrils not greater than
the interorbital width ; tympanum very
distinct ; first finger extending beyond
second ; inner metatarsal tubercle one-third
the length of the inner toe, shorter than the
diameter of the tympanum. R. latastii.

2. Tympanum measuring two-thirds to four-

fifths the diameter of the eye, and close to
the latter ; first finger extending beyond
second ; subarticular tubercles and inner
metatarsal tubercle very prominent.

R. agilis.

Two maps are appended to show the distribution of
these species. The first deals with Rana esculenta
and its varieties, the second with the remaining species
forming the section named " Ranse fuscas " by Fatio,
and " lianas tempor arias " by Lataste, which have long
been confounded under the Linnean name Rana tem-
por aria.

£

-

S3

S3

\1

RANA. 265

13. Rana esculenta.
(Plates XVI and XVII.)

Rosel, Hist. Ran., p. 53, pis. xiii — xvi (1758).

Rana esculenta, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec, 2nd ed., p. 102 (1761), and
Syst. Nat., i, p. 357 (1766) ; Laurenti, Syn. Rept., pp. 31 and
136 (1768) ; Midler, Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 35 (1776) ; Sturm,
Deutschl. Faun., iii, Heft 1 (1799) ; Shaw, Gen. Zool., iii, p.
103, pi. xxxi (1802) ; David in, Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap., p. 46,
pi. xv, fig. 1 (1803), and Hist. Rept., viii, p. 90 (1803); Eich-
wald, Zool. Spec. Ross. Pol., iii, p. 166 (1831) ; Schlegel,
Faun. Japon., Rept., p. 109, pi. iii, fig. 1 (1836) ; Bonaparte,
Icon Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf. (1837) ; Nilsson, Skand. Faun.,
Ami'., p. 88 (1842) ; Bell, Brit. Rept., 2nd ed., p. 110, fig.
(1849) ; Massalongo, Erp. Veron., p. 47 (1854) ; Giinther, Cat.
Batr. Sal., p. 12 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 408 (1864) ;
Collin, Naturh. Tidsskr. (3). vii, 1869, p. 280; Koch, Ber.
Senck. Ges., 1872, p. 135; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 312
(1872); De Betta, Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf., p. 63 (1874);
Boettger, Abh. Senck. Ges., ix, 1874, p. 165 ; Schreiber,
Herp. Eur., p. 177 (1875) ; Leydig, An. Batr., p. 104 (1877) ;
Lessona, Atti Ace. Lincei, Mem. CI. Sc. fis., i, 1877, p. 1050,
pl. i; Lataste, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 61; Came-
rano, Bull. Ass. Franc., 1881, p. 680; Boulenger, Cat. Batr.
Ecaud., p. 38 (1882); Pfluger, Arch. Ges. Physiol., xxix,
1882, p. 67 ; Camerano, Mem. Ace. Torin. (2), xxxv, 1883, p.
241, pl. i, fig. 1 ; Boulenger, The Zool., 1884, pp. 220 and 265,
and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1884, p. 573, pl. lv ; Heron-Royer, Bull.
Soc. Et. Sc. Angers, xiv, 1885, p. 110; Bedriaga, Bull. Soc.
Nat. Moscou, 1889, p. 242 ; Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1891,
pp. 374 and 604, pl. xlv, fig. 1; Mehely, Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt,
Herp., p. 51 (1892) ; Douglass, Herp. Baden, p. 38 (1894) ;
Wei-ner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung., p. 86 (1897) ; Diirigen,
Deutscbl. Amph., p. 422, pl. iv, fig. 1 (1897).

Rana riclibunda, Pallas, Reise, i, p. 458 (1771).

Rana chinensis, Osbeck, Voy. China, i, p. 299 (1771); Bonna-
terre, Encycl. Meth., Erp., p. 6 (1789).

Rana vulgaris, Lacepede, Quadr. Ov. i, Syn. Meth. and p. 503
(1788).

Rana maritima, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer.. iii, p. 92 (1826) ;
Bonaparte, 1. c. (1839) ; Girard, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herp.,
p. 25, pl. ii, figs. 7—12 (1858).

Rana cachinnans, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. -As., iii, p. 7, pl. i, figs. 1
and 2 (1831); Eichwald, Zool. Spec, iii, p. 166, and Faun.
Casp.-Cauc, iii, p. 126, pl. xxx (1841).

Rana caucasica, Pallas, 1. c.

Rana clentex, Krynicki, Bull. Soc Nat. Moscou, 1837, pt. iii, p. 63,
pl. ii.

266 EANID^E.

Rana hispanica (Fitzingev), Bonaparte, 1. e.

Rana calcarctta (non Michahelles), Tscbudi, Class. Batr., p. 80,

pi. i, fig. 1 (1838).
Rana fluviatilis (Rusconi), Bonaparte, Mem. Ace. Torin. (2), ii,

1839, p. 249.
Rana tigrina (non Daudin), Eicbwald, 1. c.
Rana viridis (non Linnseus), Dumeril & Bibron, Erp. Gen., viii,

p. 343 (1841); Lataste, Herp. Gir., p. 224 (1876); Heron-

Royer & Van Bambeke, Arcb. Biol., ix, 1889, p. 250; Martin

& Rollinat, Vert. Dep. Indre, p. 323 (1894).
Rana esculenta, var. japonica, Maack, Voy. Amour, p. 153 (1859) ;

Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Ecaud., p. 40 (1882).
Rana marmorata, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. Pbilad., 1860, p. 500;

Camerano, Atti Ace. Torin., xiv, 1879, p. 871.
Rana nigroniaculata, Hallowell, 1. c.

Hoplobatraclms reinhardti, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 1867, p. 711.
Tomopterna porosa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Pbilad., 1868, p. 111.
Rana esculenta, var. sylvatica, Kocb, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1S72,

p. 150.
Rana reinhardti, Moellendorff, Journ. N. Cbina Br. As. Soc.

(2), xi, 1877, p. 105.
Rana esculenta viridis, Lataste, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 61.
Rana esculenta marmorata, Lataste, 1. c.
Rana esculenta, var. viridis, Camerano, Bull. Ass. Franc., 1881,

p. 680, and Mem. Ace. Torin. (2), xxxv, 1883, p. 243.
Rana esculenta, var. lessonee, Camerano, 11. cc. ; Boulenger, Tbe

Zool., 18S4, p. 265, and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1884, p. 666, pi. xl,

and 1891, p. 376.
Rana esculenta, var. cachinnans, Camerano, 11. cc.
Rana esculenta, var. bedriagx, Camerano, 11. cc.
Rana esculenta, var. latastii, Camerano, 11. cc
Rana porosa, Boulenger, 1. c
Ranafortis, Boulenger, Tbe Zool., 1884, p. 220.
Rana esculenta, var. ridibunda, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1885,

p. 666, pi. xl; Boettger, in Radde, Faun. Flor. Casp.-Geb.,

p. 76 (1886), Sitzb. Ak. Berl., 1888, p. 145, and Zool. Jabrb.,

iii, 1888, p. 953; Walter, Zool. Jabrb., iii, 1888, p. 976;

Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1891, p. 374, and Tr. Zool. Soc,

xiii. 1891, p. 157; Werner, Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli,

1891, p. 758; Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1892, p. 133;

Mebely, Zool. Anz., 1894, p. 78; Werner, Verb. Zool.-bot,

Ges. Wien, xliv, 1894, pp. 86 and 234.
Rana escidenta, var. perezi, Seoane, Tbe Zool., 1885, p. 171, fig.;

Boettger, Sitzb. Ak. Berl., 1887, p. 179.
Rana esculenta, var. hispanica, Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou,

1889, p. 258, and Ampb. Rept. Portug., p. 5 (1889); Stein-

daebner, Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vi, 1891, p. 304.
Rana esculenta, var. nigroniaculata, Boulenger, Proc Zool. Soc,

1891, p. 376.

Vomerine teeth in two transverse or more or less
oblique groups between the choanre or extending
slightly beyond their posterior borders.

L'ANA.

267

Head as long as broad or a little broader than long;
snout rounded or obtusely pointed, projecting beyond
the mouth, as long as or a little
longer than the diameter of the Fig. 97.

orbit ; canthus rostralis obtuse ;
loreal region very oblique; nostril
equally distant from the eye and
the tip of the snout or nearer the
former; interorbital space narrow,
one- third to one-half the width of
the upper eyelid, narrower than
the space between the nostrils,
and often distinctly grooved lon-
gitudinally ; tympanum very dis-
tinct, one-half to three-fourths Open mouth,
the diameter of the eye.

Fingers obtusely pointed, first a little longer than
second ; subarticular tubercles small, moderately
prominent.

Fig. 98.

Upper views of beads of German specimens (var. ridibunda).
[From P. Z. S„ 1885.]

268 eanidtE.

Hind limb very variable in length ; the tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches between the shoulder and the tip
of the snout ; tibia as long as or shorter than the fore
limb, as long as, longer, or shorter than the thigh.
Foot as long as or longer than the tibia ; toes entirely
or almost entirely webbed, with small subarticular
tubercles ; inner metatarsal tubercle varying in shape
and size according to the varieties, oval and feebly pro-
minent or compressed and crescentic : a small rounded
tubercle usually present at the base of the fourth toe.

Skin smooth or verrucose, usually with small granu-
lar asperities on the sides and hind limbs ; a prominent
glandular dorso-lateral fold ; these folds parallel or
slightly diverging towards the sacrum, the distance
between them on the scapular region one-sixth to one-
fourth the length from snout to vent ; a short glan-
dular fold behind the angle of the mouth ; more or less
distinct glandular ridges may run along the upper
surface of the tibia ; lower parts smooth, more or less
distinctly granulate or areolate on the hinder part of
the belly and under the thighs.

Upper parts brown, green, olive, or blue, uniform
or spotted with dark olive or black, often with a light
yellow, green, or blue vertebral stripe ; glandular lateral
folds usually golden or bronzy ; hind limbs with or
without dark cross-bars ; hinder side of thighs usually
with dark marblings ; a dark temporal spot sometimes
present ; lower parts white, uniform or spotted or
marbled with blackish. Iris golden, or black and
golden.

Males distinguished by stronger fore limbs, a pad-like
swelling at the base of the inner finger, covered during
the breeding season with grey horny granules, and
an external vocal sac on each side of the head ; this
sac issues from a slit in the skin behind the angle of
the jaws, the length of which about equals the dia-
meter of the orbit. A more or less distinct fold in the
position of the vocal sac is usually visible in the
females, and in a large female from Pisa I even find

RAN A. 269

the sac actually developed, although smaller than in
the males.

Fig. 99.

<< K

Lower view of head of male, showing
inflated vocal sacs.

Variations. — It is a well-known fact that the edible
frog presents a greater amount of variation, both as
regards structure and coloration, than perhaps any
other species of Batrachians. No herpetologist having
before him the Japanese and Spanish frogs, without
a knowledge of the intermediate forms, would hesi-
tate to pronounce them as representing different
species ; they have, in fact, been referred to distinct
genera by such experienced workers as Peters and
Cope. But if we pursue our investigations over the
wide area occupied by this frog, viz. the whole of the
Pala3arctic region, we soon find all the differences by
which we were at first struck to blend through such
a number of intermediate forms as to leave no other
course open but to maintain intact the Linnean species.
However, a great difficulty still remains to be dealt
with : the principal of the differences ascertained are
not merely individual ; nor are they entirely dependent
on locality or climate, as almost identical specimens
are met with at such distant points as North Germany,
the Sahara, and Baluchistan. And, what is more
striking still, in the case of two forms occurring in
the same locality they may be perfectly separable
and not interbreed, as has been shown to be the case

270 RANIDZE.

in Germany. It is, therefore, not serving the interest
of exact taxonomy and zoogeography to be satisfied
with the comprehensive notion of Rana esculenta.
Attempts should be made at a division of the specific
type into races or sub-species. With this object in
view, I have for the last fifteen years been amassing
material and information, and have subjected the
many hundreds of specimens which have passed
through my hands to a most minute examination and
comparison.

The first attempt at subdividing Rana esculenta
into sub-species, published by Camerano in 1881,
proved on the whole a failure. In various papers
contributed since 1884 I have endeavoured to throw
some light on the matter; and have ultimately pro-
posed, in 1891, to divide the species into four principal
forms, viz. —

1. Var. ridibunda, Pall, (cachinnans, Pall. ; caucasica,
Pall.; tigrina, Eichw. ; dentex, Kryn. ; ? maritima,
Risso ; hispanica, Fitz. ; latastii, Gamer. ; bedriagse,
Camer. ; fortls, Blgr. ; peres't, Seoane).

The largest and most widely distributed form,
inhabiting the whole of Europe with the exception of
the north-western and central parts and Italy,
Western Asia as far east as North Baluchistan,
Afghanistan, and Eastern Turkestan, and North Africa.
As being on the whole the least specialised form, i. e.
departing less from the normal pattern of the genus
to which it belongs, it deserves to rank first in the list,
although the denomination of forma typica pertains to
the next form, as having been first described under the
name of Rana esculenta.

2. Forma typica (esculenta, L. ; sylvatica, Koch).
Northern and Central Europe and Italy.

3. Var. lessons, Gamer.

The habitat of this frosr, which in its characters is
intermediate between the preceding and the next, is

RANA. 271

still very incompletely ascertained, specimens being
known from England (Cambridgeshire and Norfolk),
the Rhine, Upper Bavaria (Matzing), the province
Saxony, Austria near Vienna, Hungary (Szamos-
Ujvar and Hermannstadt), Piedmont, and probably
other parts of Italy as well as Sicily, where it occurs
according to Oamerano. A specimen stated to be
from Malta, which I received from the Zoological
Society, was probably imported from Italy or Sicily.
To my surprise I captured, in September, 1895, a few
specimens in a small pond at Berchem-St.-Agathe,
near Brussels. I had not previously met with that
form in Belgium. I again came across the same
variety in April, 1897, in a pond at Mesnil-St. -Blaise,
near Givet, where it was very abundant, and where the
typical form seemed to be absent.

I have also lately ascertained its presence near
Paris. Whilst looking over M. Lataste's collection I
was struck by a female specimen from Bondy which
belongs to this variety, and which I find had not re-
mained unnoticed by the excellent herpetologist to
whom we owe its discovery in France. Although he
had quite correctly estimated its relationship to the
Italian form, the name under which he designated
it* can hardly have precedence over that proposed by
Camerano, who was the first to give a precise definition
of this frog and assign it its correct place in the
system. The same form had also been named, and
in a certain way defined, by Bonaparte in 1839 as
" liana fluviatilis, Rusconi, artubus brevissimis, colo-
ribus luridis."

As mentioned further on, the British specimens are
perhaps introduced from Italy. Now, however, that
the habitat of the var. lessonse is known not to be

* " J'ai trouve a Bondy une jolie variete de cette espece, plus petite,
plus do-due, plus vivement coloree, rappelant celle qui servit a Spallan-
zani pour ses fameuses experiences sur la generation. Du moins
repond-elle fort bien a la courte description de cet Anoure. A. de
l'lsle croit, avec Spallanzani, que cette forme merite d'etre specifique-
ment distinguee, et lui donne le noin de Buna meridionalis." — Lataste,
'Act. Soc. Linn. Bord.' (4), i, 1S76, p. 13.

272 EANID^.

confined to Italy, the origin of these colonies is more
obscure than ever.

4. Var. chinensis, Osb. (marmorata, Hallow. ; nigro-
maculata, Hallow. ; relnhardti, Ptrs. ; porosa, Cope ;
japonica, Blgr.).

An Eastern form, ranging from Corea and Japan to
Southern China and Siam ; the exact western limits
of its habitat have still to be ascertained, and it would
be particularly desirable to know whether it anywhere
comes into contact with, or overlaps the area of the
ridibunda form.

The principal characters which have proved of ser-
vice in diagnosing these forms are the following :

1. The development of the inner metatarsal tubercle,
whether large or small, blunt or compressed. The
length is taken alonsr the attachment of the tubercle
to the foot ; the length of the first toe, given for
comparison, is taken from the tubercle; and the length
of the latter is also compared to the length of the
cms or tibia measured in the flesh.

2. The comparative length of the tibia to the thigh.
This is shown by pressing the two close together and
maintaining the tibia at right angle to the axis of the
body ; the tibial extremity, or heel, is then found to
overlap, to meet, or to fail to meet its fellow placed
in the same position. Only in Form 1 do they over-
lap, and this character alone differentiates it from the
three others.

3. The presence or absence of short glandular folds
along the back, in addition to the dorso-lateral. The
presence of these folds differentiates Form 4 from the
three others.

4. The presence or absence of bright yellow
pigment on the lumbar and post-femoral regions.
This pigment is constantly absent in Form 1, and
very seldom in Form 2. The character unfortunately
cannot be made use of with spirit specimens.

By means of the first three characters we are able

RANA.

273

to draw up the following key, which is imperfect only
in so far that Forms 2 and 3 are not distinguished
from each other in an absolute manner; this difficulty,
however, cannot be overcome, as the two forms do
run completely into each other, and future investiga-
tions may even render their separation unadvisable.

Metatarsal tubercle.
Heels overlapping. 1. ridibunda.
r2. typica.

No f

dorsal i tt ,

Heels not over-

2i-4^ • 91-l*i f

folds. ,

lapping.

Dorsal folds

-v o. lessonse.
. v4. chinensis.

en =H

O O

The fourth form, being confined to Asia, will not be
further dealt with in this work.

Fig. 100.

Lower views of feet : — A. Var. ridibunda. B. Forma typica.
C. Var. lessonse. D. Var. chinensis.

Var. RIDIBUNDA.

Inner metatarsal tubercle small, blunt, feebly pro-
minent, its length 2^ to 4 times in the length of the
inner toe measured from the tubercle, and 9^ to 14
times in the length of the tibia ; when the limbs are
folded at right angles to the rhachis the heels over-
lap ; tibia as long as, or slightly shorter than the foot
measured from the outer metatarsal tubercle. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye, the tip of the

T

274 EANID.E.

snout, or between these two points. Snout usually
shorter and less pointed than in the typical form.
Skin smooth or more or less warty ; glandular lateral
fold more or less prominent, frequently as broad as
the upper eyelid.

Specimens from the south of France, the Spanish
Peninsula, and North Africa, vary much in colour —
olive, dull green, bronzy-brown, or bright green above,
spotted or speckled with dark olive or blackish, with
or without a light vertebral stripe ; the hinder side
of the thighs whitish or pale olive, marbled or verrni-
culate with blackish ; belly white, uniform or with
small blackish spots.

German specimens are less variable. In the normal
condition the ground colour of the upper parts is olive
or bronzy-olive, with the vertebral stripe, the fore
limbs, and the sides of the head and body pale green
or pale olive. But of course, through the play of the
chromatophores, the same individual may pass suc-
cessively from a very light to a very dark hue, ac-
cording to its being placed in very dry or very moist
surroundings. In specimens long kept in water
the colour turns to a very dark bronze-olive, almost
blackish, in which case the normally darker markings
may assume a brighter greenish tint ; but if these mark-
ings are examined with a magnifying glass, they Eire
seen to be black beautifully powdered with gold. The
vertebral stripe varies considerably in width, and may
be absent altogether. The glandular lateral folds are
usually not conspicuously lighter coloured, though
sometimes metallic bronzy. The spots on the back
and flanks are more or less numerous, but these
markings are of a blackish-olive or bronzy-brown, and
never of an intense black as in the typical form.
The dorsal spots sometimes form pretty regular longi-
tudinal series, but are never confluent into longitudinal
bands. A dark canthal and supra-temporal streak is
usually present, and sometimes expands into a regular
temporal spot. The edge of the upper lip is either

KANA.

275

spotless or with a series of blackish spots, which very
seldom unite to form a labial streak. The cross-bands
on the legs may be very irregular or absent. The
hinder side of the thighs, i. e. that part which is con-
cealed by the legs when the animal is at rest, is
whitish or pale greenish marbled with dark olive or
bronzy, or of the latter colour with or without small
light spots ; never is any trace of yellow to be detected
on that resfion nor at the axil and o-roin. The lower
surfaces are white, with greyish spots or marblings in
specimens kept dry. After long sojourn in water these
parts are abundantly spotted or largely marbled with
black. The abundance and intensity of these spots is
irrespective of sex — a remark which, contrary to the
statement of many authors, applies also to the typical
form. The iris is black, veined with gold, the latter
pigment being in far lesser abundance than in the
typical form. The vocal sacs are strongly pigmented
with black, pale grey when swollen out.

Measurements (in

millimetres).

From snout to vent

Length of head

Width of head

Diameter of eye

Interorbital width .

From eye to nostril
,, end of

snout .

Diameter of tym-
panum .

Fore limb

Hind limb

Tibia

Foot

Inner toe (from
tubercle)

Inner metatarsal
tubercle

1.

65
20
23

(
O

9

4-

39

109

34

34

10

2. 3.

88... 95.

30... 29.

32... 35.

8...
3...
6...

9.
3.

6.

4.

65

22

23

7
o

5.

85
27
33

5-5.

13... 14... 10

l:

. 6... 6.
. 48... 57.
.135. ..150.
. 42... 47.
. 44... 50.

. 12... 13.

. 4... 5.

. 4-5... 6
. 40 ... 50
.108 ...146
. 33 ... 44
. 33 ... 44

6.

..104
.. 32
. 36

,. 8
,. 3

. 7

. 15

,. 7
. 49
.160
. 50
. 51

10 ... 12 ... 15 .
35... 4-5... 45.

7.
.100
. 30
. 38
. 9
. 3' (
. 6

. 14

. 6-,
. 55
.155
. 50
. 50

. 15

8.

.125

. 38
. 46
. 11
. 5

. 8

. 19

. 8
. 69
.177
. 56
. 56

. 16

. 6

1. Cadillac, Gironde : Lataste.
2, 6. Berlin : Boulenger.

3. Astrachan : St. Petersb. Mus.

4. Hammam Rirha, Algeria :

Anderson.

5. Alemtejo, Portugal : Gadow.

7. Elizabethpol : St. Petersburg

Mus.

8. Damascus : T. Barrois.

276 RANIDiE.

As may be seen from the preceding table of measure-
ments, this form readies to a very large size, much
exceeding that of the two others.

Forma typica.

Inner metatarsal tubercle strong, compressed, pro-
minent, its length 2 to 3 times in the length of the
inner toe measured from the tubercle, and 7 to 10
times in the length of the tibia ; when the limbs are
folded at right angles to the body, the heels meet or
remain narrowly separated ; tibia shorter than the
foot measured from the outer metatarsal tubercle.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or be-
tween the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin smooth
or with small warts ; glandular lateral fold very
prominent, as broad as or narrower than the upper
eyelid.

Bright green, brown, or blue above, uniform or
spotted with black ; hinder side of thighs handsomely
marbled with black, and usually with more or less of
bright yellow pigment ; vocal sacs white or feebly
pigmented. Iris golden, with or without black vermi-
culations.

Males are often of a uniform green colour, without
any markings ; females are usually more or less
spotted with black, the spots sometimes confluent
into longitudinal bands. A light, pale blue, pale
green, or yellowish-green vertebral stripe is often
present, and the glandular lateral folds are usually of
a beautiful gold-colour. A blackish temporal spot is
sometimes present. Black cross-bars are usually
present on the hind limbs in the females, more often
absent or ill-defined in the males.

Sky- or turquoise-blue specimens are rare, and
must be regarded as individual abnormalities due to
the absence of the yellow pigment, same as occur also
in Hi/la avborea, a fine blue specimen of which (var.
meridionalis) was exhibited last summer at the Zoo-
logical Gardens, London. Vulpian (C. R. Soc. Biol.

>

1 ^

! *

M

«

n

RAN A.

277

[5], iv, 1872, p. 201) appears to have been the first
to record blue specimens of B. esculenta ; others have
since been examined by Pfluger and by Ley dig at
Bonn, by Norman Douglass in Baden, and by myself
at Frankfort-on-the-Main. I have also received a
specimen from Basle through the late Dr. F. Miiller.

Brown specimens, without or with little green, as
in the specimens of var. lessonse from Norfolk, are
not uncommon near Berlin. The var. sylvatica of
Koch is based on such a specimen. I have examined
the type of the latter, a female, which measures 67
mm. from snout to vent ; hind limb 92 ; tibia 26 ;
foot 27; inner toe 6; inner metatarsal tubercle 3.

Measurements (in millimetres).

1. 2.

3.

4.

t
5.

6.

7.

8.

From snout to vent 73 ... 68 .

. 64

- ... 65 ..

. 84 ..

. 85..

. 90 .

.60

Length of bead .24 ... 22 .

.. 21 ... 21 ..

. 26 .

. 26..

. 2S .

.20

Width of head .25 ... 23 .

. 22 ... 21 ..

. 29 ..

. 29..

. 32 .

.21

Diameter of eye . 8 . . . 7 .

. 7 ... 7 ..

. 8 ..

. 7..

. 8 .

. 6-5

Interorbital width 15.. . 2 .

Cj

! ... 2-5..

. 2-5..

. 3..

. 25.

o

From eye to nostril 4 ... 4 .

.'. 4

. 5 .

. 5..

. 6 .

'. 4

From eye to end of

snout. . . 10 ... 10 .

. 1C

• ... 10 ..

. 12 ..

. 12..

. 13 .

. 9-5

Diameter of tym-

panum . . 6 ... 4 .

. 4-5...

. 6 .

. 5..

. 6 .

. 4

Fore limb . . 40 ... 39 .

. 3;

' ... 39 ..

. 44 .

. 43..

. 50 .

.32

Hind limb . .106 ...102 .

..100 ...109' ..

.123 .

.125..

.137 .

.94

Tibia . . .33 ... 30 .

. 30 ... 34 ..

. 38 ..

. 35..

. 42 .

.28

Foot . . .35 ... 35 .

. 33 ... 36 ..

. 40 .

. 38..

. 45 .

.31

Inner toe (from

tubercle) . . 8'5... 8"5.

. £

... 9 ..

. 10 ..

. 9..

. 12 .

. 8

Inner metatarsal

tubercle . . 3"5... 4 .

. 4 ...

. 4 ..

. 5..

. 55.

. 35

1. St. Malo : Boulenger.

5. Paris: B

ouleuger.

2. Copenhagen : Liitken.

6. Lolland :

Liitk

en.

3. Vienna : Wernen.

7. Warsaw :

Wrzeniowski.

4, 8. Naples : Monticelli.

The range of variation of the somewhat complex
assemblage which I have endeavoured to define as the
typical form is very great indeed, and forms a gradu-
ated series leading from the form ridibunda to the
form lessonse. I must confess that the line drawn

278 EANIDJl.

between the latter and the typical form appears to
me arbitrary, and that my arrangement is open to this
criticism, that there is altogether a greater amount of
difference between the two extremes of the series than
there is between the extreme in the lessonse direction
and the form lessonse itself. The true typical B. escu-
lenta, as figured by Rosel, is pretty well in the middle
of the series ; the outermost specimens with small
inner metatarsal tubercle are from France, Corsica,
and Italy; whilst the opposite obtains in specimens
from Basle and Vienna.

Var. lessons.

Inner metatarsal tubercle very strong, compressed,
hard, crescentic, its depth about half its length, which
is 1-j to 2 times in the length of the inner toe, and
•5 to 8 times in the length of the tibia ; when the
limbs are folded at right angles to the body the heels
sometimes meet, but usually fail to meet ; tibia con-
siderably shorter than the foot measured from the
outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articula-
tion reaches between the shoulder and the eye. Skin
smooth or with small warts ; glandular lateral fold
very prominent, narrower than the upper eyelid.

Bright green or brown above, the black markings
sometimes forming longitudinal bands ; hinder side of
thighs handsomely marbled with black on a bright
yellow or orange ground; vocal sacs not, or but very
slightly pigmented.

British specimens are olive-brown or bronzy-brown
above, spotted with black, strongly marbled on the
flanks, where a lio-ht longitudinal area remains un-
spotted; glandular folds lighter; the sides of the
head and the ground colour of the flanks sometimes
green; canthal streak well marked, black; upper lip
usually bordered with black ; tympanum chestnut-
brown ; a pale yellow or pale green vertebral line,
frequently edged with black. The dark cross-bands
on the limbs usually very irregular, sometimes absent.

RAN A.

279

Lower surfaces more or less profusely spotted with
blackish. Iris golden.

The enormous differences of proportions separating
this variety from the other extreme, the var. ridi-
bunda, maybe realised by comparing the measurements
in the following table with those given on p. 275.

Measurements (in millimetres).

t
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

From snout to vent

64 ..

. 53 ..

. 48 ..

. 78 .

. 55 .

. 73 ..

. 60

Length of bead .

22 ..

. 18 .

. 17 .

. 29 .

. 18 .

. 23 ..

. 19

Width of head .

. 19 ..

. 18 ..

. 28 ..

. 19 ..

. 25 ..

. 21

Diameter of eye .

6 ..

. 6 .

. 55.

. 8 ..

. 55..

. 7 ..

. 6

Interorbital width

2-5..

. 2 .

. 1-5.

o
o .

o

. 2-5.

. 2-5

From eye to nostril

4-5..

. 3 .

o

.. O .

. 5 .

.. 35.

. 5 .

. 4

,, end of snout

10 ..

. 8 .

. 8 ..

. 12 .

. 8 .

. 11 ..

. 9

Diameter of tympanum .

4 ..

. o ..

. 3-5..

. 5-5..

. 35..

. 5 ..

. 4-5

Fore limb

34 ..

. 31 .

.29 ..

. 42 ..

. 29 ..

. 40 ..

. 32

Hind limb

97 ..

. 82 .

. 77 ..

.110 .

. 80 ..

.105 ..

. 90

Tibia

25 ..

. 24 .

. 23 ..

. 30 ..

. 24 ..

. 31 ..

. 25

Foot

34 ..

. 28 ..

. 27 ..

. 39 ..

. 28 ..

. 37 ..

. 31

Inner toe (from tubercle)

7-5..

. 6 ..

. 6 ..

. 9 ..

. 6-5..

. 8 ..

. 7

Inner metatarsal tubercle

5 ..

35..

. 3-5..

. 6 ..

o

. 5 ..

. 45

1, 4. Stow Bedon, Norfolk : Walsingham.

2, 5. Offenbach : Bedriaga.

3, 6. Piedmont : Camerano.

7. Szamos Ujvar, Hungary : Mehely.

Skeleton. — The skull is remarkable for the ex-
treme narrowness of the interorbital region, its width
being only about one-third the length of the fronto-
parietal bones ; these are more or less distinctly
grooved along the median line, and do not extend
quite to the anterior borders of the orbits, a small
portion of the ethmoid remaining uncovered and
forming an obtuse point anteriorly ; the fontanelle is
also more or less exposed in specimens that are not full-
grown. Nasals rather large, oblique, forming together
an obtuse angle, in contact or narrowly separated on
the median line ; their posterior border usually nearly
straight. Squamosal large, the zygomatic process
long and pointed, nearty twice as long as the posterior

280

RANID^E.
Fig. 101.

£?^>

Skeleton of female, vai\ ridibunda.

EANA. 281

process. Vomers rather large, in contact with each
other or narrowly separated in the middle. Palatines
well developed. Pterygoid with the anterior branch
the longest and reaching the palatines. Parasphenoid
dagger-shaped, the handle very short, the blade long
and pointed, extending to or nearly to the palatines.
Occipital condyles on a line with the articular ex-
tremities of the upper jaw. Symphysial bones very
distinct, thinner than and well distinguishable from
the mandibular rami, although fused with the dentary
in the adult.

Vertebral column once and three-fourths to twice as
long as the skull. Vertebras open above, between the
zygapophyses, and at the sides, with a low but very
distinct neural crest ; diapophyses slender, subcylin-
drical, not very unequal in length, with the exception
of the second, which is longer than the rest and more
flattened ; first diapophysis directed slightly forwards ;
third, or third and fourth, slightly backwards; the
others horizontal, or the seventh again directed for-
wards. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra cylindrical,
directed slightly backwards; two condyles for articu-
lation with urostyle. Latter a little shorter than the
rest of the vertebral column, with strong crest in the
anterior three-fourths, without transverse processes.

Prascoracoids slender, horizontal ; coracoids much
stronger, greatly expanded towards the median line ;
omosternum and sternum with a bony style. Supra -
scapula partially ossified. Humerus once and a half
to once and two-thirds the length of radius-ulna.
Six bones in the carpus, two in contact with radius-
ulna ; two bones in the pollex. Pelvis about two-
thirds the length of the vertebral column, the ilia
articulating with the extremities of the sacral diapo-
physis. Pubis large, ossified or calcified, entering
the acetabulum. Femur feebly curved. Astragalus
and calcaneum nearly equal in length, connected at
both ends by a calcined epiphysis ; the long bones
also with calcified epiphyses. A minute sesamoid bone

282 BAKID.S.

on the inner side of the tarsus near its articulation
with the tibia. Two bones in the distal tarsal row,
and two in the prashallux. Terminal phalanges obtuse.
The different races are only distinguished by the
proportions of the femur and crus and the size and
form of the prashallux, as indicated externally.

Measurements (in millimetres).

Yar. ridibunda. F. typica. Var. lessonee.

Humerus

Radius-ulna

Manus

Pelvis

Femur

Tibia

Tarsus .

Pes

c? ? <? ? <? ?

22

22
3
21
21
18
12

Length of skull . .26 ... 33 ... 21 ... 27 ... 16

Width of skull . . 29 ... 37 ... 22 ... 31 ... 17

Least interorbital width 35... 4 ... 3 ... 35... 25

Dorsal vertebral column 28 ... 35 ... 21 ... 30 ... 16

Urostyle . 26 ... 37 ... 21 ... 28 ... 14

23 ... 28 ... 19 ... 23 ... 14

14 ... 17 ... 13 ... 15 ... 8

21 ... 27 ... 19 ... 22 ... 14

33 ... 45 ... 28 ... 37 ... 19

38 ... 47 ... 32 ... 38 ... 20

42 ... 51 ... 33 ... 38 ... 21

20 ... 25 ... 17 ... 19 ... 12

42 ... 53 ... 40 ... 43 ... 28

16

27
29
29
15
34

Habits. — The so-called "edible frog" is the most
aquatic of our Batrachians. The young are some-
times found at some distance from water, but the
adults keep to ponds and ditches or even rivers (var.
ridibunda) and their banks, on which they may be
found sunning themselves on fine days, ready to
plunge into the water at the least disturbance and
conceal themselves for a while in the mud. Their
loud and varied croaking, — breheke and croax being the
most characteristic utterances, — in which they indulge
day and night, especially during the breeding season,
has attracted notice from the most remote antiquity.
The flesh of their hind quarters is much esteemed as
a delicacy, but owing to the late appearance of this
species in spring, JR. temporaria is the kind drawn
upon on the Brussels, Paris, and Geneva markets
during Lent-time, at which season great quantities are
consumed. In the late spring and summer this species
is more easily procured in large numbers, and there

RANA. 283

are men in France who earn a living for six months
in the year by frog-fishing. No tackle is used : a
piece of red flannel, or better the skin of a frog,
rolled-up in a ball about the size of an acorn, attached
to a line, is agitated at the surface of the water and
greedily seized by the frog, which is hauled up before
it has time to let go. An interesting account of this
mode of capture has been published by R. Rollinat,
' Bull. Soc. Aquic. France' (2), vi, 1894, p. 37. This
frog is very voracious, and large specimens will occa-
sionally capture snakes and small mammals and birds.

Pairing does not take place, in the typical form,
until May in the northern parts of the Continent,
earlier in the south, viz. end of March or beginning
of April in Southern Italy. The var. ridibunda breeds
about a fortnight sooner, near Berlin towards the
beginning or middle of May, and the spawning appears
to be usually over by the time the typical form sets
to this duty, which also lasts over a more extended
period, often until the end of June or beginning of
July. Tins difference in the spawning season is the
important factor which permits the existence in the
same locality of two forms so closely allied and, as
ascertained by Pfliiger, fertile when crossed, occasions
for interbreeding being comparatively rare. We have
thus here an example of what is known in botany as
" asyngamy." As far as my experience goes, the
females of the var. ridibunda get rid of their eggs
within a very few days. On the 27th May, 1884, I
received from Berlin 85 specimens of the var. ridibunda
and 41 of the typical form, and found that all the
females of the former were spent, whereas all the
latter were full of ova. In May, 1886, at Berlin, I
observed the ridibunda form spawning between the
14th and 20th, whilst the typical form was only
beginning to pair ; however, owing to the great heat
that followed, great numbers of the latter were
spawning a few days later.

The male clasps the female under the arms, the

284

rani da:.

hands joining on the breast, or more or less widely
separated if the male be much smaller than the female.
The eo-crs are laid in several masses anion o- water
plants. The metamorphosis takes place about three
months later. Hibernating larvae are, however, not
of unfrequent occurrence.

In a recent paper on oviposition in frogs, Nussbaum
states that B. esculenta, unlike B. temporaria, does not
spawn in confinement. This is true in a general way
only, as I have myself obtained eggs from Swiss
specimens kept in London.

Eggs. — Small ; vitellus measuring about 1J milli-
metres in diameter, brown above, yellowish below ;
mucilaginous envelop 7 or 8 millimetres in diameter.

Fig. 102.

About 5000 to 10,000 in number, forming several large
lumps. Embryo leaving the egg with external gills
and a well-developed tail, olive-brown above, yellowish-
white below; the gills unpigmentecl.

Tadpole (PI. Ill, fig. 1). — Length of body once and
a half its width, or rather less, about half the length
of the tail. Nostrils a little nearer the eyes than the
end of the snout. Eyes on the upper surface, equi-
distant from the end of the snout and the spiraculum,
or slightly nearer the latter; the distance between the
eyes twice to twice and a half as great as that between
the nostrils, and much greater than the width of the

EANA. 285

mouth. Spiraculum on the left side, directed upwards
and backwards, a little nearer the end of the snout
than the anus, visible from above and from below.
Anus opening on the right side, close to the lower
eds^e of the subcaudal crest. Tail twice and three-
fourths to four times as long as deep, acutely pointed ;
upper crest convex, a little deeper than the lower, not
extending far upon the back ; the depth of the mus-
cular portion at its base about half the greatest total
depth.

Beak very broadly edged with black, sometimes
almost entirely black. Sides and lower edge of the
lip bordered with papillae, which usually stand in two
rows ; upper lip with a long series of fine teeth,
followed on each side by a short series ; three series
of teeth in the lower lip, the two outer uninterrupted,
the third also continuous or narrowly interrupted, the
outermost only half to two-thirds as long as the
others.

The muciferous crypts are pretty distinct on the
head, where they form two series, extending from the
end of the snout to the upper borders of the eyes,
passing between the nostrils. A pair of dorsal lines are
usually distinguishable on each side of the back, close
together in front, diverging posteriorly ; these lines in
the advanced tadpole coalesce to form the dorso-lateral
fold of the perfect animal.

Olive or greyish-olive above, speckled with brown ;
sides with silvery or pale golden spots; belly white;
throat pinkish, with mother-of-pearl coloured spots ;
tail pale greyish, closely spotted, dotted, or vermicu-
lated with grey or blackish ; the muscular portion of
the tail yellowish, often with three blackish stripes on
its basal third. With advancing aofe, when the hind
limbs are approaching their full development, the
back assumes a more decidedly greenish colour, and
the pale green vertebral stripe, if it is to exist, makes
its appearance.

The largest tadpoles of the typical form, collected

286 eanidjE.

by me in Brittany, measure 77 mm., body 23 ; width
of body 18; tail 64; depth of tail 20. Tadpoles of
the var. ridibunda from Prague measure up to 90 mm.,
and a specimen from the latter locality 111 mm. long-
is recorded by P finger.

I am not aware of any differences by which to
distinguish the various races in the larval state.

Habitat. — Few Batrachians have so wide a range
of distribution as Bana esculenta. for it not only
extends over a great part of the Palgearctic region,
but even encroaches upon the Ethiopian and Oriental.
It does not spread very far to the north, being absent
from Ireland, Scotland, Norway, and Northern Russia ;
its northernmost limit in Europe is the 59th parallel,
and in Asia it is not on record north of Mongolia,
Manchuria, and the central island of Japan. To the
south it extends to Madeira and the Canary Islands,
Morocco, far into the Algerian and Tunisian Sahara,
Tripoli, the north coast of Egypt, the Sinaitic peninsula,
the head of the Persian Gulf, Northern Persia, Balu-
chistan, Turkestan, Southern China, Formosa, Hainan,
and Siam. It is absent from Sardinia and Malta.

It does not ascend high up the mountains, 3500
feet being, according to Fatio, its altitudinal limit in
the Alps.

Bana esculenta occurs in a few places only in
England ; it used to be found in Cambridgeshire, in
Foulmire Fen, where it was discovered in 1844, and
Bell assures us that his father, who was a native of
Cambridgeshire, had noticed many years before the
presence of these frogs at Whaddon and Foulmire,
where they were known, from their loud croak, as
" Whaddon organs " and " Dutch nightingales." The
species was afterwards re-discovered in Norfolk,
between Thetford and Scoulton, where it is now still
very abundant, and, from inquiries made by Lord
Walsingham, must have existed for the last seventy
years at least. These frogs belong to the var. lessonse,
and differ widely from those found in a few other

RANA. 287

places in Norfolk, which are undoubtedly the de-
scendants of a number imported from France and
Belgium in 1837, 1841, and 1842, and turned loose in
the fens at Foulden and in the neighbourhood.

A great deal of discussion has taken place as to
whether the edible frog' is indigenous in Eno-land or
introduced ; and the balance of evidence seems to be
in favour of the latter supposition, although we do not
know when and by whom the Cambridgeshire and
Stow Bedon colonies were imported. The fact that
they belong to a race specially abundant in Itah r ,
and formerly believed to be confined to that country,
has suggested the idea that they may be of Italian
origin, perhaps introduced by the monks.

Within the last ten years large numbers of the
three forms have been imported from Brussels, Berlin,
and Italy, and liberated in various localities in West
Surrey and Hampshire. Berlin specimens (var. ridi-
bunda) have also been introduced in Bedfordshire and
Italian ones in Oxfordshire.

Portuguese specimens of the var. ridibunda were
introduced in the Azores in the beginning of the
century, and have become perfectly acclimatised.
The presence of the frog in Madeira and the Canary
Islands is also said to be due to importation.

Pis. XVI and XVII are reproduced from the Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society, 1884 and 1885.
The former represents a male and a female of the var.
ridibunda from the lakes near Berlin. The latter
represents on the right side, lower figure, a male
of the typical form from Foulden, Norfolk, and two
specimens of the var. lessonse., male and female, from
Stow Bedon, Norfolk.

288 EANID.E.

14. Rana arvalis.
(Plate XVIII.)

Bana temporaria, Linnaeus, Faun. Snec, 2nd ed., i, p. 101 (1761) ;

Camerano, Mem. Ace. Torin. (2), xxxv, 1883, p. 266.
Bana temporaria, part., Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 357 (1766) ;

Schlotthauber, Arch. f. Nat., 1844, p. 255; Giintker, Cat.

Batr. Sal., p. 16 (1858) ; Schreiber, Herp. Eur., p. 125 (1875) ;

De Betta, Atti 1st. Venet. (2), iv, 1885, p. 45.
Bana terrestris, Andrzejewski, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc, ii,

1832, p. 342.
Bana arvalis, Nilsson, Skand. Faun., Amf., p. 92 (1842), and 2nd

ed., p. 104 (1860) ; Collin, Naturh. Tidsskr. (3). vi, 1870, p. 291 ;

Leydig, An. Batr., p. 129 (1877); Collett, Vid. Selsk. Fork.

Christ., 1878, No. 3. p. 7 ; M. Weber, Tijdsckr. Nederl. Dierk.

Ver., iii, 1879, p. 149; Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,

1879, p. 169, and Cat. Batr. Ecaud., p. 45 (1882) ; Pfliiger &

Smith, Arcb. Ges. Physiol., xxxii, 1883, pp. 525, 581, pis.

vii & viii ; Boulenger, Proc Zool. Soc, 1886, p. 242, pi. xxiv,

and Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1886, p. 596 ; F. Muller, Verb.

Nat. Ges. Basel, viii, 1887, p. 252; Heller, Zool. Gart., xxix,

1888, p. 177 ; Wolterstorff, Zeitschr. f. Naturw., lxi. 1888,

p. 24; Leydig, Zool. Anz., 1889, p. 314; Bedriaga, Bull. Soc.

Nat. Mosc, 1889, p. 306 ; Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges.. 1890,

Protok., p. lxx ; Mehely, Zool. Anz., 1890, p. 446 ; M. Braun,

Arch. Ver. Nat. Fr. Mecklenb., xliv, 1891, p. 44; Boulenger,

Proc. Zool. Soc, 1891, p. 605, pi. xlv, fig. 2; Westhoff,

Jahresb. Westf. Prov. Ver., xx, 1892, p. 51; Mehely, Math.

Term. Kozl. Budapest, xxv, 1892, p. 29, pis. ii & iv ; Douglass,

Herp. Baden, p. 42 (1894); Werner, Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges.

Wien, xliv, 1894, p. 237, Zool. Anz., 1895, p. 479, and Rept.

Amph. Oesterr.-Ung., p. 90 (1897); Durigen, Deutschl.

Amph., p. 448, pi. iii, fig. 3 (1897).
Bana oxyrrhinus, Steenstrup, Ber. 24. Vers. Nat. u. Aerzte, Kiel,

1846, p. 131; Siebold, Arch. f. Nat., 1852, p. 14; Schiff, in

Thomas, Ann. Sc Nat. (4), iv, 1855, p. 368, pi. vii, figs. 5 & 6 ;

Steenstrup, Vid. Meddel., 1869, p. 3, figs.; Sahlertz, Vid.

Meddel., 1871, p. 113; Koch, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1872, p. 135;

Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 345 (1872) ; Heron-Royer, Bull.

Soc. Et. Sc. Angers, xiv, 1885, p. 128 ; Heron-Royer & Van

Bambeke, Arch. Biol., ix, 1889, p. 263.
1 Bana temporaria, part., Middendorff, Reise, ii, p. 247, pi. xxvi,

fig. 3 (1855).
Bana agilis (non Tbom.), Wolterstorff, Jahrb. Nat. Ver. Magdeb.,

1890, p. 316 (1891).

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series or oval groups
just behind the level of the posterior borders of the
choanal.

g

8

I

V

^

™

RAN A.

289

Head as long: as broad or a little broader than long

O '

snout as long as or slightly shorter than the diameter

Fig. 103.

Upper views of heads.

of the orbit, usually more or less acuminate and
strongly projecting beyond the mouth, sometimes
rounded and blunt, as shown by the above figures
representing the two extremes ; canthus rostralis dis-
tinct ; loreal region feebly oblique, grooved ; nostril
equally distant from the eye and the end of the snout,
or a little nearer the former; interorbital space narrow,
measuring; one-half to two-thirds the width of the
upper eyelid, narrower than the space between the
nostrils; tympanum very distinct, distant from the eye
and measuring one-half to two-thirds its diameter.

Fingers obtuse, first extending beyond second ;
subarticular tubercles moderate.

The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or the
nostril, rarely as far as the tip of the snout; tibia

Fig. 104.

Lower views of feet, male and female.

shorter than the fore limb, a little longer than the
femur, as long as or a little shorter than the foot;

u

290 RANIDJ2.

the heels overlap when the limbs are folded. Toes
slender, obtuse, one-half to three-fourths webbed, the
web more developed in the breeding male, but never
reaching beyond the penultimate phalanx of the fourth
toe ; subarticular tubercles moderately developed ;
inner metatarsal tubercle very strong, hard, com-
pressed, subcrescentic, measuring one-half to two-
thirds the length of the inner toe; no outer metatarsal
tubercle.

Skin smooth or with small warts, which may form a
chain along each side of the vertebral line; a A-shaped
glandular ridge usually present between the shoulders;
glandular dorso-lateral folds strong, very prominent,
narrower than the upper eyelid ; these folds slightly
converge towards each other behind the supra-temporal
folds, the distance between them on the scapular
region being one-seventh to one-fifth the length from
snout to vent ; a glandular fold behind the angle of
the mouth. Lower parts smooth, more or less dis-
tinctly granulate or areolate on the hinder part of the
belly and at the base of the thighs.

Coloration very variable. Greyish, yellowish, red-
dish, or brown above, nearly uniform or spotted with
dark brown or black, or closely spotted and speckled
plum-pudding fashion with black ; usually a A-shaped
dark marking between the shoulders; a dark canthal
streak, and usually a more or less distinct dark temporal
spot ; upper lip edged with brown or black, with a light
labial streak above, extending from the tip of the snout
to the shoulder; females sometimes with a large black
lumbar spot; flanks usually largely spotted or marbled
with brown or black; dorso-lateral folds usually light,
yellowish, pinkish, or golden, often dark-edged ; limbs
usually with dark cross-bars ; a dark streak on the
inner side of the arm ; hinder side of thighs yellowish,
pinkish, or greyish, uniform or with small dark spots.
Some specimens are remarkable for the handsome
markings of the upper parts ; a broad yellowish or
pink stripe with straight or wavy borders extends

RANA. 291

from the snout to above the vent, and the brown or
black spots often run together to form a dark stripe
on each side of the light one, and one or two others
on each side of the body. Contrary to a statement
made by Leydig in 1891, a light spot on the vertex,
corresponding to the frontal gland, may be very distinct,
as well marked as in any specimen of liana temporaria,
and much more than in R. esculenta and R. agilis.

Lower parts white, often yellow near the groin,
immaculate, or the throat and breast spotted with
brown or greyish, or with red in the females ; in the
latter some red spots may be scattered on the belly.

Males distinguished by a shorter body, much
stronger fore limbs, a large pad on the inner finger,
and a pair of internal vocal sacs. During the breeding-
season the pad on the inner finger, together with the
inner surface of the last phalanx, covered with black
horny spinules as in R. temporaria, and the skin like-
wise swollen with lymph, often assuming a uniform
pale blue or bluish colour on the upper surfaces and on
the throat. The web between the toes is then much
developed, with rectilinear or even convex outline, and
reaches the tips of the third and fifth toes. Females
during the breeding season develop pearl-like excres-
cences on the sides and limbs, which are, however,
less developed than in R. temporaria.

The remarkable colour-dimorphism exhibited by this
species, an exact parallel of that observed in Disco-
glossus pictus, often occurs promiscuously, as, for
instance, near Berlin, where I have found the two
forms in nearly equal abundance in the same localities.
But this is not always the case, for Westhoff has
observed in Westphalia the striped form to be alone
present in certain bogs, whilst other drier stations
yield exclusively or principally the spotted form. The
latter is also the only one that has yet been found in
Norway, and is by far the more abundant in Denmark,
whilst in Sweden both seem to be about equally
represented.

292

RANIDiE.

Measurements (in millimetres).

S

From snout to vent

Length of head

Width of head .

Diameter of eye

Interorbital width .

From eye to nostril
,, to end of
snout .

Diameter of tympa-
num

Fore limb

Hind limb

Tibia

Foot

Inner toe (from
tubercle)

Inner metatarsal
tubercle

1.

58

18

20

5

2-,
4

8

o - o.

36

105
31
36

6

2.

.58 .

.18 .

.20 .

. 6 .

. 3 .
. 3-5.

. 3
.35
.97
.29
.32

3.

64

19

21

6

4.
73
21

24

7

5.

..59 .

..17 .

..19 .

.. 5 .
35... 2-5.
45... 35.

6.

.60
.17

.20

7.

...62
...18
...21

5-5.
3 .
35.

5-5.

2-5.

8 ... 10

8

o o...

6

. 40
.111
. 36
. 37

. 6

... 44
...132

... 40
... 44

. 35... 3
.29 ...31
.88 ...89

.27 ...27
.29 ...30

... 8

... 3
...31
...90

...27
...32

8.

.60
.18
20

. 55
. 25
. 3-5

. 8

. 35

.32
.97
.30
.33

5-5... 5

35... 35.

1. Seeland : Lutken.
2, 6. Berlin : Boulenger.

3. Neudorf,nr. Basle: F. Miiller.

4. Karlovac, Sclavonia: Fritscb.

4 ... 4 ... 3 ... 3-5... 4 ... 3-5

5. Hval Oerne, Norway : Collett.

7. Copenhagen : Heron- Royer.

8. Szamos-Ujvar, Transylvania:

Mehely.

Skeleton. — Skull intermediate between B. esculenta
and II. temporaria. Fronto-parietals convex, about
thrice as long as broad, sometimes separated from

Fig. 105.

Upper view of skull.

each other along the median line ; nasals widely sepa-
rated from each other, oblique, with straight or
slightly concave posterior border ; upper surface of
ethmoid obtusely pointed anteriorly ; zygomatic pro-

RANA.

293

cess of squamosal as long as the posterior. Occipital
condyles entirely behind the articular extremities of
the upper jaw.

Diapophyses of dorsal vertebrae more unequal in
length than in B. esculenta, the second once and a half
to once and two-thirds as Ions' as the last three.

Tibia longer than the femur, nearly twice as long
as the tarsus. Terminal phalanges expanded at the
end, somewhat anchor-shaped. A single large bone
to the prgehallux. The sesamoid bone on the inner
side of the proximal extremity of the tarsus much
larger than in B. esculenta.

Measurements of Skeleton (in millimetres).

3

¥

Length of skull

. 16

16

Width of skull

. 16

17

Least interorbital width

. 3

O

Dorsal vertebral column

. 18

19

Urostyle .

. 17

17

Humerus

. 16

14

Radius-ulna

. 10

8

Manus

. 12

13

Pelvis

22

22

Femur .

." 24 !

23

Tibia

. 27

25

Tarsus

. 13

12

Pes .

. 30

28

Habits. — Bana arvalis pairs in March or April,
together with or a week or a fortnight later than
B. temporaria, and after the breeding season leads a
terrestrial existence, being found in fields, meadows,
and bogs, in company with the common frog, although
as a rule more partial to damp localities. Numbers
of males hibernate under water. The voice is very
different from that of B. temporaria, and much
resembles that of B. agilis ; it may be rendered by
co, co, co, and has been compared to the sound of air
escaping from a bottle held under water. No fore-
sight is exercised in the selection of a site for the
deposition of the ova, which are often doomed through
the drying up of ditches or shallow puddles of rain

294

EANID.E.

water. In Germany the larvae transform between
the middle of June and the beginning of August.

In spite of what the great development of the meta-
tarsal tubercle would seem to indicate, this frog cannot
be said to show any special disposition to burrow ; and
as far as my experience goes, from having repeatedly
kept individuals in confinement, it does not seem in
any way to excel the common species in this respect.
The physiological significance of the character is no
more obvious here than in those varieties of Rana
esculenta in which the metatarsal tubercle attains so
great a development, without yet the frogs differing
appreciably in their mode of life from their spurless
allies.

Fig. 106.

~Sf

Male and female pairing.

Hybrids between this species and R. temporaria
have been obtained with great difficulty by Born,
the latter species acting as the male, whilst all
attempts at reciprocal crossing have hitherto failed.

Eggs. — Intermediate in appearance between those of
R. esculenta and R. temporaria, the vitellus measuring
1^ to 2 mm. in diameter, and the mucilaginous envelop,

KANA.

295

which dissolves much more rapidly than in B. tem-
poraria, 7 or 8. These eggs number from 1000 to
2000 according to Heron-Royer ; I have counted
1829, 1518, and 1029 ; they form one, or rarely two
large balls, which do not float as in B. temporaries.
The vitelline sphere is black above and whitish below ;
the white may be restricted to one-third of the surface

Fig. 107.

or extend over nearly the whole of the lower half; I
have, however, observed egg-masses of this species in
which the white lower spot was much reduced, nothing
but the smaller size distinguishing them from those of
B. temporaria. The embryo on emerging is blackish-
brown, and provided with branched external gills, which
are smaller than in B. temporaria and less strongly
pigmented.

Tadpole (PI. Ill, fig. 2). — Intermediate between
B. esculenta and B. temporaria. In its labial dentition
it agrees with the former, the series of teeth being"
usually f , sometimes f , when a third very short series
is present on each side of the upper lip. Beak whitish,
narrowly edged with black. Interocular space about
once and a half the distance between the nostrils,
which equals or slightly exceeds the width of the
mouth. Tail pointed, rarely somewhat obtuse, once
and two-thirds to twice the length of the bodv, its
depth about one-third its length ; depth of the muscular
part not quite half the greatest total depth. Lines of
muciferous crypts distinct, disposed as in B. agilis.

296 RANID.E.

Brown above, with metallic spots ; caudal crests
greyish- white, with small brown spots and golden
dots on the anterior half of the upper crest ; some-
times a series of large brown spots on the upper edge
of the tail, or a linear series of small golden spots
along the upper and lower crests ; belly greyish with
golden dots.

Total length 43 mm. ; body 16 ; width of body 10 ;
tail 27 ; depth of tail 9.

Habitat. — Bana awaits is often described as a
boreal species, but this is quite incorrect. Its
northern range extends but slightly beyond that of
R. esculenta, and stops short by 10° of that of B. tem-
poraria. It is only found on the south-eastern coast
of Norway, where it is local and rare; in Sweden it
does not reach much further north than Upsala,
and in Russia not bevond South-eastern Finland. It
is really an Eastern species, which, except in the
south, has much the same range as Bufo viridis, being
generally distributed in the eastern parts of Central
Europe, and becoming more and more local towards
the Rhine, on the left side of which it is as yet
only known from a small district in Alsatia and
Switzerland. The broken, spot-like character of its
distribution towards the west, and the nature of the
localities in which it usually occurs, as sphagnum
bogs, fens, neglected meadows, &c, clearly point to its
being, in those parts, in process of gradual extinction,
a relic of a former period, the conditions of which
are fast disappearing through human agency except
in the mountains, which this species nowhere ascends
beyond 2000 feet. Were B. arualis a boreal form, as
stated by some authors, its range in Central Europe and
its absence from the mountains would be not exactly
unparalleled, but very much more difficult of explana-
tion.

In Europe the species occurs from the Northern
and Middle Ouralto Holland (near Apeldoorn), several
localities east of the Rhine (Elberfeld, Siegburg near

SANA. 297

Bonn, Wiesbaden, Rheingau, Mayence, Offenbach,
Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Freiburg), and a few west
of the Rhine (neighbourhood of Kreuznach, Neudorf
in Alsatia, and Basle in Switzerland). It is generally
distributed in Poland, Silesia, Prussia, Mecklenburg,
Schleswig-Holstein, Denmark, Oland, Gothland Island,
and Sweden, as far north as Upsala, but only found iu
two localities in Southern Norway (Hof in Jarlsberg,
and Hval Oerne). It is more local in the province of
Saxony, the kingdom of Saxony (Leipzig and Dresden),
and in Austria-Hungary, where it is on record from
the plains of Transylvania, Budapest, Pressburg,
Franz Josefsland, and Marchfeld in Lower Austria,
Karlovac in Sclavonia, Agram, and Fiume in Istria.

Its distribution in Asia is not yet made out with
anything like precision, owing to the fact that it has
so long been confounded with R. femporaria, and of
late with R. camerani. I have examined specimens
from Sarai Gor, on the Ob, the valley of Buchtarma,
Altai, and the Kirghiz Steppes, and Bedriaga records
the species from the Karakali Mountains. The speci-
mens from Sultania in Persia, and Lake Gokcha,
referred to this species by de Filippi, belong to the
following, R. camerani, as I am informed by my friend
Dr. de Bedriaga, who has examined the types at my
request.

The three specimens figured on PI. XVIII are
from Magdeburg, received from my obliging corres-
pondent Mr. W. Wolterstorff. The right-hand figure
represents a male in breeding costume, the two others
are taken from females.

298 KANIDiE.

15. E-ANA CAMERANI.

(Plate XIX.)

Bana oxyrhina (non Steenstrup), Filippi. Viag». Pers., p. 357

(1865).
Bana camerani, Bonlenger, Bull. Soc. Zoo]. France, 1886, p. 597;

Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1892, p. 134; Boulenger, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 550, pi. xxi. fig. 1.
Bana holtzi, Werner, Zcol. Anz., 1898, p. 222.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups close
together, just behind the level of the posterior borders
of the choanal

Head a little broader than long; snout as long as
the diameter of the orbit, more or less acuminate and
strongly projecting beyond the mouth ; canthus ros-
tralis distinct ; loreal region very oblique, grooved ;
nostril equally distant from the eye and the end of the
snout ; interorbital space narrow, measuring one-half
to two-thirds the width of the upper eyelid, narrower
than the distance between the nostrils ; tympanum
very distinct, distant from the eye, and measuring
about half its diameter.

Fingers obtuse, first and second equal, or first
extending very slightly beyond second ; subarticular
tubercles moderate.

The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or the
nostril ; tibia as long as or slightly shorter than the
fore limb, a little longer than the femur, as long as or
slightly shorter than the foot ; the heels overlap when
the limbs are folded. Toes slender, obtuse, two-
thirds to three-fourths webbed ; subarticular tubercles
moderately developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle soft,
oval, measuring two-fifths to one-half the length of
the inner toe ; a small outer metatarsal tubercle at the
base of the fourth toe.

Skin smooth or with small warts ; glandular dorso-
lateral folds strong and prominent, much narrower
than the upper eyelid ; these folds nearly straight,

XIX,

ffl

. y/t

I // //it CO. //it r/i /i t .

RAN A.

299

or slightly converging towards each other behind the
supra-temporal folds ; the distance between them on
the scapular region equals one-sixth to two-ninths
the length from snout to vent ; a glandular fold behind
the angles of the mouth. .Lower parts smooth,
granulate under the thighs.

Coloration very variable. Yellowish or brown
above, variously spotted or dotted with dark brown
or black ; a dark brown or black canthal streak and a
larger temporal spot ; upper lip edged with brown or
black, with a light labial streak above from the tip of
the snout to the shoulder ; some specimens with a
yellow vertebral stripe between two dark ones ; flanks
with large dark spots or marblings ; limbs with regular
dark bars. The light spot indicative of the presence
of the frontal gland is usually very distinct, more
so than is the rule in the other species of Bana.
Lower parts white, unspotted, or with small brown
spots on the sides of the throat.

Measurements (in millimetres).

(

^

1.

2.

3.

4.

From snout to vent .

59

.. 45 ..

. 70 ..

. 63

Length of head ....

17

.. 15 ..

21 ..

. 18

Width of head .

20

.. 16 ..

. 24 ..

. 19

Diameter of eye

5-5.

.. 5 ..

6 ..

. 6

Interorbital width

3 .

.. 25..

. 3 ..

. 3

From eye to nostril .

4

.. 3 ..

. 4-5..

. 4

,, end of snout .

8

.. 65..

. 10 ..

. 8

Diameter of tympanum

3

.. 25..

. 35 ..

. 35

Fore limb .

35

.. 25 ..

. 40 ..

. 37

Hind limb . . . . .

98

.. 74 ..

. 121 ..

. 102

Tibia ......

32

.. 24 ..

. 40 ..

. 34

Foot

32

.. 24 ..

. 42 ..

. 34

Inner toe (from tubercle) .

t

.. 5 ..

. 7 ..

. 7

Inner metatarsal tubercle

3

... 2 ..

o
O

. 3

1. L. Talizhuri.

3. Kasik

oporan.

2. Gilli, L. Gokcha.

4. Kurush.

Skeleton. — Very similar to that of It. arvalis, and
in some respects approaching H. esculenta. Fronto-
parietals convex and grooved along the median suture,
nearly thrice as long as broad ; ethmoid truncate

300

KANIBJE.

anteriorly, nearly entirely covered by the fronto-
parietals; nasals narrowly separated from each other,
with very slightly concave posterior border ; zygomatic
process of squamosal as long as the posterior process.
Tibia considerably longer than the femur, more than
twice as long: as the tarsus.

Fig. 108.

Upper view of skull.

Measurements of Skeleton (in millimetres).

S

Length of ski

all .

Width of sku

11

13

Least interoi

bital width

25

Dorsal vertebral column

13

Urostyle

.

14

Humerus

. . .

12

Radius-ulna

. .

8

Manus

t m

11

Pelvis

. .

18

Femur

.

21

Tibia

. ,

25

Tarsus

.

11

Pes

. .

24

This species is very closely allied to Bana arvalis,
which it resembles in physiognomy and coloration,
but from which it may be easily distinguished by the
soft and feebly prominent inner metatarsal tubercle.

Males have internal vocal sacs, strong fore limbs,
and a large undivided pad on the inner finger.

Nothing is known of the habits and development.

Habitat. — This mountain frog was first discovered
by de Filippi about Lake Gokcha in Transcaucasia,

M

■s.
X

RANA. 301

and at Sultania in N.W. Persia, but confounded with
B. arvalis. I described it as a new species from speci-
mens obtained by Dr. Oscar Schneider at Lake Tali-
zhuri, 8000 feet, and at Achalkalki, in the Caucasus.
It has since been re-discovered in various parts of
Transcaucasia and Armenia, and I have recently re-
ceived from Dr. Radde a specimen captured in Europe,
at Kurush, Daghestan, at an altitude of 8000 feet. A
young specimen from Albistan, which I bad previously
referred to B. arvalis, also belongs to this species, and
others likewise from the Cilician Taurus (8000 feet)
have been described as B. holtzi.

The three specimens, male and half-grown, figured
on PI. XIX, are from Kasikoporan, 6500 feet, in
Western Armenia, presented by Dr. G. Radde.

16. Rana temporary.*
(Plates XX and XXL)

Rosel, Hist. Run., p. 1, pis. i — viii (1758).

Rana tem/poraria, part., Linnaeus. Syst. Nat., p. 357 (1766) ;
Daudin, Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap., p. 46 (1803), and Hist.
Rept., viii, p. 94 (1803) ; Dumeril & Bibron, Erp. Gen., viii,
p. 358 (1841); Middendorff, Reise, ii, p. 247, pi. xxvi, fig. 1
(1853); Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal., p. 16 (1858); Schreiber,
Herp. Eur., p. 125 (1875) ; De Betta, Atti 1st. Venet. (6), iv,
1885, p. 45.

Rana muta, Lanrenti, Syn. Rept., p. 30 (1768) ; Camerano, Mem.
Ace. Torin. (2), xxxv, 1883, p. 257, pi. i, figs. 9 & 10; Borelli,
Boll. Mus. Torin., i, 1886, No. 14 ; Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc., 1889, p. 278; Durigen, Deutschl. Aurpb., p. 437, pi.
iii, fig. 4 (1897).

Rana rufa, Lacepede, Quadr. Ov., i, Syn. Metb. & p. 528 (1788).

Rana temporaria, Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Metb., Erp., p. 3
(1789); Scbneider, Hist. Ampb., i, p. 113 (1799); Graven-
borst, Delic. Mus. Vratisl., p. 38 (1829) ; Bonaparte, Icon.

* I use tbe name temporaria for tbe present species, altbougb the
diagnosis in tbe ' Fauna Suecica ' was evidently drawn up from R.
arvalis, because Linnaeus confounded tbe two species, both of which
are common in Sweden, as is perfectly clear from tbe synonymy given
in the ' Systema Naturae.' The first author who split up the Linnean
species, Nilsson, elected to retain tbe old name for the present one, which
may therefore bear it in accordance with the law of priority.

802 EANID.E.

Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf. (1837); Bell, Brit. Rept,, p. 84, fig.
(1839); Nilsson, Skand. Faun., Anif., p. 78 (1842); Bell,
Brit. Rept., 2nd ed., p. 89, fig. (1819); C. Koch, Ber. Senck.
Ges., 1872, p. 135; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 321 (1872) ; De
Betta, Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf., p. 64 (1874); Lessona, Atti
Ace. Lincei, Mem. CI. Sc. fis., i, 1877, p. 1068, pi. ii ; Bou-
lenger, Cat. Batr. Ecaud., p. 44 (1882), Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1886, p. 595, and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1891, p. 605, pi. xlv, fig. 3;
Sckarff, Irish Nat., ii, 1893, p. 1; Buulenger, Ann. Scott. N.
EL, 1893, p. 202; W. Evans, Proc. Phys. Soc. Edinb., xii,
1894, p. 509; Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr., p. 91 (1897).

Rana atra, Bonnaterre, 1. c, p. 9.

Rana alpina, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, p. 1058 (1789) ; Risso, Hist.
Nat. Eur. nierid., iii, p. 93 (1826); Bonaparte, op. cit. (1839).

Rana fiaviventris, Millet, Faune Maine-et-Loire, ii, p. 663 (1828).

Rana cruenta, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. -As., iii, p. 12 (1831).

Rana scotica, Bell, 1. c, p. 102.

Rana platyrrhinus, Steenstrup, Amtl. Ber. 24. Vers. Naturf. Kiel,
1846, p. 131, and Vid. Meddel., 1869, p. 3, figs. ; Collin,
Naturh. Tidsskr. (3), vi, 1869, p. 299; Sahlertz, Vid. Meddel.,
187], p. Ill; Collett, Vid. Selsk. Forh. Christ., 1878, No. 3,

Rana temporaria, var. canigonica, Boubee, Bull. H. N. France, i,
1833, No. 2, p. 12.

Rana fusca, Thomas, Ann. Sc. Nat. (4), iv, 1S55, p. 365 ; De l'lsle,
Ann. Sc. Nat. (5), xvii, 1873, No. 3, p. 2 ; Leydig. An. Batr.,
p. 116 (1877) ; Collin de Plancy, Bull. Soc. Sc. Seinur. 1877,
p. 41; Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 164, and
1880, p. 207 ; Heron-Royer, Bull. Soc. Et. Sc. Angers (2),
xiv, 1885, p. 119 ; Heron-Royer & Van Bambeke, Arch. Biol.,
ix, 1889, p. 260 ; Mehely, Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt, Herp., p. 56
(1892), and Math. Term. Kozl. Budapest, xxv, 1892, p. 8,
pis. i & iv; Douglass, Herp. Baden, p. 40 (1894).

Rana temporaria, vars. obtusirostris, acutirostris, Fatio. 1. c.

Rana dyboivslcii, Giinther, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4), xvii, 1876, p. 387.

Rana fusca honnorati, Heron-Royer, Bull. Ac. Belg. (3), i, 1881,
p. 139, pi.

Rana fusca, var. longipes, F. Midler, Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii,
1885, p. 670.

Rana temporaria par vipalmata, Seoane, The Zool., 1885, p. 169, fig.

Vomerine teeth in two feeble, oblique, narrow groups,
on a level with or just behind the posterior border of
the choanse.

Head broader than long ; snout as long as or a
little shorter than the diameter of the orbit, usually
broadly rounded and scarcely projecting beyond the
mouth, rarel}' obtusely acuminate ; canthus rostralis
distinct ; loreal region feebly oblique, feebly grooved ;
nostril equally distant from the eye and the end of
the snout, or a little nearer the former; interorbital

RANA.

303

space broad, flat, usually as broad as or a little
narrower than the upper eyelid, sometimes, however,
only two-thirds the width of the latter, as broad as
or a little narrower than the distance between the
nostrils ; tympanum very distiuct, distant from the
eye, measuring one-half to two-thirds, rarely three-
fourths its diameter.

Fig. 109.

Open mouth and upper view of head.

Fingers obtuse, first extending slightly beyond
second ; subarticular tubercles moderate.

The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tympanum,
the eye, or the nostril, very rarely the tip of the snout ;
tibia shorter than the fore limb, a little longer than
the femur, as long as or a little shorter than the foot ;
the heels overlap when the limbs are folded. In some
specimens from Spain the tibia is but very slightly
shorter than the fore limb. Toes slender, two-thirds
or almost entirely webbed, the terminal phalanx of the
fourth toe, however, always free ; toes one-half to
two-thirds webbed in the Spanish var. parvipalmata ;
subarticular tubercles moderately developed ; inner
metatarsal tubercle feeble, soft, roundish or oval,
measuring less than one-half, usually about one-third,
the length of the inner toe ; a small and rather indis-
tinct tubercle rarely present at the base of the
fourth toe.

Skin smooth or with irregular smooth warts ; a
A-shaped glandular ridge usually present between the
shoulders ; glandular dorso-lateral folds narrow or
moderately broad, moderately prominent, converging

304 ranid^:.

towards eacb other on the scapular region, where they
are separated by a space equalling one-seventh to one-
sixth, rarely one-fifth, the length from snout to vent;
a glandular fold behind the angle of the mouth, and
another from the eye to the shoulder ; females with
the sides of the head and body, the pelvic region, and
the upper surface of the leg and tarsus studded with
pearl-like granules, which are more developed during
the breeding season. Lower parts smooth, the pos-
terior half of the thighs granular.

Few species vary so much in coloration as does the
common frog ; out of a large number it is rare to find
two perfectly alike in their markings. The ground
colour of the upper parts may be grey, brown, rufous,
pink, or yellow, usually spotted, speckled, or marbled
with darker ; the spots are usually dark brown,
sometimes orange or bright brick-reel; black blotches
resembling ink-spots may be scattered on the back,
or so crowded together as to produce a plum-pudding
appearance; sometimes these black spots run together,
and the upper parts are nearly entirely black. The
more characteristic markings, viz. a large blotch on
the temporal region, a streak on the inner side of the
arm, a A-shaped figure between the shoulders, and
bands across the limbs, may be more or less well
defined, or entirely absent ; the bands on the limbs,
if present, may be numerous and close together, or
few and irregular. A broad, light, dark-edged
vertebral stripe is sometimes, though rarely, present ;
in one specimen, a female from Banffshire, it is as
well defined as in the striped specimens of Rana
arvalis. The flanks nearly always bear large spots or
marblings. The canthus rostralis is usually indicated
by a dark line, and a light streak extends on each side
of the upper lip from below the eye to a little beyond
the angle of the jaws.

The lower parts in the males are white or pale
yellow, bluish or lilac on the throat, usually spotted,
marbled, or speckled with brown or grey. In the

RAN A.

305

females they vary from pale yellow to orange, usually
spotted or marked with brown, orange, or red. There
are, however, specimens in which the belly is un-
spotted, more particularly those from Spain.

Iris golden, sometimes obscured with brown vermi-
culations.

Males differ from females in the stronger, more
muscular fore limbs, which acquire an extraordinary

Fig. 110.

Hand and foot of breeding male (lower views).

development during the pairing season ; the pad-like
swelling of the inner side of the first finger, which
becomes covered with black horny spinules during
the pairing season ; the greater development of the

Fig. 111.

<

>

Gular region of breeding male, with inflated vocal sacs.

web between the toes ; and the presence of a pair of

internal vocal sacs, situated at the sides of the throat.

In breeding males the skin acquires a spongy ap-

x

306

RANID.E.

pearance through swelling with lymph, which pro-
duces a cloudy, bluish tinge on the upper parts and
on the throat, the latter region being sometimes quite
blue, sharply contrasting with the white or pale
vellow of the abdomen.

a/

Measurements (in millimetres).

/

>

f

*\

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

From snout to

vent . . SO .

.. 84 .

. 72

...59 .

.. 95

.. 80 .

. 97 .

.. 60

Head . . . 22 .

. 23 ..

. 19

...16 .

.. 23 .

.. 22 .

. 25 .

.. 17

Width of head . 27 .

.. 29 .

. 25

...19 .

.. 31 .

.. 29 .

. 34 .

.. 21

Diameter of eye . 7 .

.. 7-5.

. 7

... 6 .

.. 8 .

.. 7 .

. 8-5.

.. 6

Interorbital width 4 .

. 4 ..

. 3-£

.. 4-5

.. 5 .

. 5 .

.. 3

From eye to nos-

tril . . .4-5..

. 35..

. 8-£

... 3 .

. 4-5

.. 5 .

. 5 .

o

o

From eye to end

of snout . . 10 .

. 11 ..

. 8

... 7-5.

. 10 .

.. 10 .

. 11 .

.. 8

Tympanum . 4 .

. 5 ..

. 3

... 4 .

. 5 .

.. 5-5.

. 6 .

.. 4

From eye to tym-

panum . . 25.

. 25..

. 2-£

... 2 .

.. 3 .

.. 25.

. 3 .

Fore limb . . 47 .

. 49 ..

. 45

...35 .

.. 52

.. 47 .

. 51 .

.. 37

Hind limb . .122 .

..127 .

.121

...95 .

..140

..130 .

.141 .

..102

Tibia . . . 40 .

.. 41 .

. 38

...29 .

.. 44

.. 43 .

. 45 .

.. 31

Foot . . . 40 .

.. 45 .

. 40

...33 .

.. 48

.. 43 .

. 45 .

.. 35

Inner toe . . 9 .

. 11 .

. 10

... 6-5.

.. 11

.. 10 .

. 9-5.

.. 7

Inner metatarsal

tubercle . . 4 .

.. 4 .

. 3

... 2-5.

... 4

.. 3-5.

. 4-5.

o

1, 5. Canisbay : Anderson.

4, 8. Corunna : Seoane.

2. Dovre Mts., Norway : Collett.

6. Cuneo:

Peracca.

3. Cassel : Norman.

7. Tomos,

Hungai

•y: Me

hely.

Variations. — Apart from the description of indi-
vidual variations, which, as we have seen, are very
considerable in this species, attempts have been made
to distinguish a broad-snouted and a sharp-snouted
variety, to which Fatio has given the names of brevi-
rostris and acutirostris. This distinction cannot be
upheld, as we find the two forms occurring pro-
miscuously, and the prognathism affecting only young
or half-grown specimens. The only form which
appears to be entitled to varietal distinction is the
Spanish var. parvipalmata, which is constantly dis-
tinguished by a shorter web, as we have seen above,

. XXI

lip

Mil*

45?

*S^5*3j^V ,

'isiasrva/ y^yyiJven^a^t-cu.

EANA. 307

and a somewhat more slender habit, resulting in a
certain resemblance to Bana agilis, with which it also
often agrees in the absence of any but small red spots
on the belly.

The var. bosniensis, recently established by Werner
(' Rept. Amph. Oesterr.,' p. 92) on a single male
specimen from Travnik, Bosnia, is, in my opinion, not
entitled to stand. Thanks to Dr. Werner's courtesy,
I have examined the type, and find the pelvis to
be broken, which accounts for the shortness of the
body ; hence the tibio-tarsal articulation of the hind
limb reaches a little beyond the tip of the snout. The
specimen measures 71 mm. from snout to vent ; fore
limb 49 mm. ; tibia 42 mm.

The var. longipes of F. Miiller — of which the type,
from Oberweiler, between Mullheim and Badenweiler,
Baden, has been entrusted to me by Mr. Schenkel,
the curator of the Basle Museum — is based on a
somewhat long-legged individual of the common frog,
in which the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches exactly
the tip of the snout, — not beyond, as stated in the
original description. The specimen, a female, measures
55 mm. from snout to vent ; fore limb 36 mm. ; tibia
30 mm. C. Koch's var. gracilis is no doubt founded
on similar examples, which seem to predominate on
the southern slopes of the Alps, and have been de-
scribed by Heron-Royer as a distinct sub-species, Bana
fusca honnorati, from the Basses-Alpes. The larval
characters adduced in support of the establishment of
the latter form have since proved to be as unreliable
as those derived from the perfect animal.

Skeleton. — Fronto-parietals broad and flat, about
twice and one-third to twice and three-fourths as long
as broad. Nasals small, separated from each other,
with strongly concave posterior border. Upper part
of ethmoid rounded or obtusely pointed in front.
Zygomatic process of squamosal shorter than the
posterior process. Occipital condyles behind the line
connecting the articular extremities of the upper jaw.

308

EANID,£.
Fig. 112.

Skeleton of female.

RANA.

309

shorter than
Tibia a little
little shorter

Vertebral column twice and a half to three times as
long as the skull. Second diapophysis once and a
half as Ions' as the seventh, which is considerably
the sacral ; latter directed backwards,
longer than the femur, as long as or a
than the pes ; a large sesamoid bone
below the tibio- tarsal articulation. Tarsus nearly half
as long as the tibia. Two bones to the prsepollex and
two or three to the praehallux. Terminal phalanges
feebly expanded at the end.

The skeleton here figured is that of a female from
the Alps of Piedmont, in which the hind limb is a
little more elongate in proportion than in British
examples.

Measurements of Skeleton (in millimetres).

$

?

Length of skull .

. 17

21

Width of skull .

. 19

24

Least interorbital width .

3-5 ..

4

Dorsal vertebral column .

. 21

27

Urostyle ....

90

—

28

Humerus ....

20

23

Radius-ulna

13

15

Manus ....

17

20

Pelvis

27

30

Femur .

31

39

Tibia

35

43

Tai'sus . . . . .

16

20

Pes

38

43

Habits. — Ban a temporal* ia must be regarded, on
the whole, as a terrestrial frog, although less strictly
so than B. arvalis and B. agilis. It is by no means
unusual to find specimens in ponds or pools through-
out the summer. The majority, however, spend the
greater part of their active life on laud, in fields,
gardens, meadows, and woods. Many males hibernate
under water. The breeding season falls earlier than
in any other species, in January and February in the
south, in March and April in the north. In the ex-
ceptional year 1894 the common frog began to spawn,

310 RANIM!.

near London, on the 16th February; last year (1897)
on the 20th of the same month : as a rule, the
spawning time varies with us from the beginning of
March to the beginniDg of April, according to the
mildness of the season, whilst in Devonshire and
Cornwall it may begin as early as the end of January.
The individuals then congregate in large numbers in
ponds, pools, ditches, or slow-running brooks, the
males clinging to the females by clasping them under
the arms, the hands joining on the breast, at the same
time uttering their dull croak, grooh, grooh, which, un-
like the edible frog's, is produced mostly under water.
If the weather turns cold after pairing has set in, the
embrace may last for many clays ; the genesic fury of
the males is such that nothing will induce them to
release their hold. But as males in this species are
not in greater numbers than the other sex, we
seldom witness those fights which are so frequent
in the equally ardent Bufo vulgaris. Nevertheless
they also often make mistakes, and clasp female
toads, or Pelobates, frequently causing the death of
the latter by fracture of the pectoral girdle, that
Batrachian, as we have described above, being, in
legitimate unions, seized round the waist, not under
the arms. That, in the same way, common frogs and
toads are injurious to slow-moving pond fishes, such
as carp, to which they cling by poking the hands into
the eyes of the fish, was noticed by Pennant in the
last centurv, and has since been verified bv numerous
observers.

The eggs are expelled very suddenly, and the large
clumps are afterwards seen floating on the surface,
many together, these frogs usually selecting the same
part of a pond or ditch for spawning. Two or three
weeks elapse, as a rule, before the liberation of the
embryo, and the young are usually able to leave the
water in May or beginning of June, except in the
extreme north and high up in the mountains, where,
the spawning season being necessarily much retarded,

BAN A. 311

tadpoles are still to be found in August, and are even
sometimes compelled to hibernate in that condition.

Many observers who have kept pairing frogs of
this species in confinement have been disappointed at
findiuo- the e°'o\s laid under these conditions to be
unfertilised, this being often the case when single
pairs are confined in jars, and apparently due to the
male not emitting his fecundating fluid at the rigdit
moment. Fischer-Sigwart has recently attempted to
explain this fact by suggesting that the males fecundate
the eggs some time after they are laid and after the
release of the females from embrace. I cannot accept
this explanation, because I have observed, in prac-
tising artificial insemination, that the spermatozoa
appear to be unable to penetrate the eggs after the
mucilaginous capsules have become swollen out with
water, which takes place very rapidly after deposition.
In order to fully satisfy my mind on this point, I
made this spring (March 22nd) the following experi-
ment.

At 11 a.m. I pressed into two dishes filled with
water from the supply- tap a few eggs (about fifty in
each dish) from a female held in embrace. The pair
were then separated and kept dry until 2 p.m., when
the male was killed and the fluid removed from the
vesicula seminis, whilst two further small lots of eggs
were pressed out of the female into the dishes in
which lay those previously obtained, with their cap-
sules now considerably inflated. I then poured the
seminal fluid, diluted in a wineglassful of water, over
the four clumps of eggs. The result was the same in
both dishes : the eggs laid at 11 a.m. and fecundated
at 2 p.m. did not develop (with one and two excep-
tions respectively), whilst the great majority of the
others underwent their normal evolution.

Eggs. — Vitellus measuring 2 to 3 mm. in diameter,
black, with a small white or grey spot on the lower
pole; mucilaginous envelop measuring 8 to 10 mm.
in diameter. The eggs form one or two large balls,

312

EANID.E.

which float on the water.* The number of eges

&s

varies according to the size of the female ; L. Greening

Fig. 113.

has counted from 1500 to 2500, and Heron-Royer from
2856 to 4005. Greening's results agree better with
my own, as I have counted 1155, 1188, 1584, 1744, and
2044. The embryo, on liberation, is of a dark brown,
nearly black, with a well-developed tail, and dark
brown, branched external gills, which soon acquire a
large size.

Tadpole (PI. Ill, fig. 3). — Length of body once and
a half to once and two-thirds its width, one-half to
two-thirds the length of the tail. Nostrils equally
distant from the eyes and the end of the snout, or a
little nearer the latter.

Eyes on the upper surface, a little nearer the end
of the snout than the spiraculum ; the distance between
the eyes about once and a half the distance between

* Dr. Bidewood showed me in March, 1897, a mass of eggs that had
been laid by a moderate-sized frog. These eggs were exceptionally
small, the vitellns measuring rather less than 2 mm., and some of them
formed a regular string, in a single file, 4 cm. in length, closely
resembling the eggs of a toad. I have preserved a portion of these
abnormal eggs in spirit, and they are now in the collection of the
British Museum.

KANA. 313

the nostrils, and a little greater than the width of the
mouth. Spiraculum directed backwards and slightly
upwards, nearly equally distant from the end of the
snout and from the anus, visible from above and from
below. Anus opening on the right side, close to the
lower edg-e of the subcaudal crest. Tail three to four
times as long as deep, ending in an obtuse point ;
upper crest convex, not or but slightly deeper than
the lower, not extending far upon the back ; the depth
of the muscular part, at its base, about one-third the
greatest total depth.

Beak broadly edged with black. Sides and lower
edge of the lip bordered with papilla? ; upper lip with
a long series of teeth, followed on each side by two
or three series which are widely separated from their
fellows on the other side, and gradually decrease in
length; four series of teeth in the lower lip, the fourth
or inner widely interrupted in the middle, the first or
outer at least two-thirds the length of the second.

Muciferous crypts very indistinct.

Brown to blackish above, with metallic dots ; caudal
crests greyish, uniform or dotted or powdered with
brown, with or without small golden spots; belly
grey or blackish, with metallic dots or spots.

Total length, 45 mm.; body, 15; width of body,
10 ; tail, 30 ; depth of tail, 9. These dimensions are
taken from one of many large specimens obtained at
Anseremme, Belgium, at the end of April, 1894.

Habitat. — Bana temporaria is a Northern species,
reaching the extreme north of Scandinavia and
Lapland. In Northern and Central Europe it is
equally common in the plain and in the mountains, up
to the limit of perpetual snow; whilst in the south it
is confined to the mountains, reaching an altitude of
7200 feet in the Pyrenees and 10,000 feet in the
Italian Alps. It is absent from the plain of France
south of 46°, but reappears on the Pyrenees and in
North-western Spain, where it is found both at sea
level and in the mountains. It appears to be absent

314 EANIDiE.

from tbe Italian peninsula, and to the east of the
Adriatic it has not been recorded from further south
than the mountains of Bosnia. In Transylvania its
occurrence is restricted to the hills and mountains,
its place being taken in the plains by R. awaits and
R. agills. It is found not only all over Great Britain,
but also in Ireland, where it is much more common
on the west than on the east coast, and flourishes in
the mountains. Its range in Asia is an extensive one,
stretching from the northern and middle Oural and
the Kirghiz steppes to the Stannovoi Mountains,
Sachalien Island, Mongolia, Manchuria, and Yesso,
being replaced further south in Eastern Asia by Rana
amurensis, R. martensii, and R. japonica.

The male and two females figured on PI. XX are
from the environs of London, and give some idea of
the great amount of individual variation in coloration
to be observed in this species. Other variations in the
markings are represented on PI. XXI. Fig. 1 repre-
sents a male from Dunphail, Moraj^shire, presented
by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant, remarkable for its
unusually short snout and its well-marked light
vertebral stripe, similar to that of the so-called var.
striata of Rana arvalis. Fig. 2 is taken from a young
specimen from Hanover, presented by the late Dr.
J. E. Gray. Fig. 3 from a female with remarkably
pointed snout, sent from Breslau by Prof. G. Born ;
a var. acutirostris, Fatio, has been founded on such
specimens, which appear to have occasionally given
rise to erroneous reports on the occurrence of R. agilis
in Germany. Fig. 4 from one of the types of Seoane's
var. parvvpalmata from Galicia, Spain.

H

. -"\:

^

■% ;

KANA. 315

17. Rana GtKmca.
(Plate XXII.)

Rana latastei (non Blgr.), Boettger, Sitzb. Ak. Berl., 18S8, p. 148.
Rana latastii, part., Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat, Moscou, 1889,

p. 338.
Rana gr&ca, Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6), viii, 1891,

p. 346, fig. 1, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 607, pi. xlv, fig. 4 ;

Werner, Zool. Anz , 1897, p. 66; Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torin.,

xii, 1897, No. 286.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series, extending
behind the level of the choana?, originating between
the posterior borders of the latter. F 114

Head a little broader than long,
moderately depressed. Snout very
short, rounded, not at all prominent,
as long as or shorter than the diameter
of the orbit ; eye smaller than in B.
latastii and B. agilis, less prominent ;
canthus rostralis distinct; loreal re-
gion even less oblique than in B. Upper view of bead.
temporaria and B. iberica, distinctly concave; nostril
equidistant from the eye and the end of the snout, or
a little nearer the latter; the distance between the
nostrils greater than the interorbital width, which
equals or nearly equals the width of the upper eyelid ;
tympanum moderately or feebly distinct, its diameter
two-fifths to three-fifths that of the eye, not greater
than the length of the inner metatarsal tubercle ; its
distance from the eye equals two-thirds to once its
diameter.

Fingers very obtuse, or slightly swollen at the end,
first not extending or extending but slightly beyond
second ; subarticular tubercles strongly developed.

Hind limb very long, the tibio-tarsal articulation
reaching the tip of the snout or beyond ; heels over-
lapping when the limbs are folded. Tibia as long as
or a little shorter than the fore limb, and at least
slightly longer than the foot. Toes almost entirely

316 RANID2E.

webbed, even in the very young, with obtuse, slightly
swollen tips, and large and very prominent subarticular
tubercles. Inner metatarsal tubercle soft, oval,
measuring two-fifths to one-half the length of the
inner toe ; a very distinct tubercle at the base of the
fourth toe.

Skin of upper parts smooth, or rough with small
warts. Dorso-lateral fold narrow and not very pro-
minent, sometimes interrupted, running straight or
but very slightly curved from the temple to the groin ;
the distance between the dorso-lateral folds on the
scapular region equals one-fifth to one-fourth the
length from snout to vent.

Grey, grey-brown, reddish, olive, yellow, or yellow-
ish-olive above, with small or indistinct darker spots,
or speckled with blackish, rarely with irregular black
spots on the back ; small reddish or orange blotches
may be scattered on the back and sides and on
the upper eyelids ; glandular lateral folds lighter,
sometimes reddish ; a dark band may be present
across the interorbital region; A - shaped inter-
scapular marking sometimes present, sometimes ill-
defined or absent. Canthus rostralis and temporal
fold brown or blackish ; loreal region down to the
border of the lip dark ; a dark olive or brown
temporal spot; a light streak from below the eye to
the angle of the mouth. No large spots on the flanks ;
limbs with dark brown or olive cross-bands, some-
times replaced by dots ; hinder side of thighs yellowish,
dotted with brown, brownish, or dark brown with
whitish dots. Lower parts cream-colour; throat with
grey, brown, or blackish marblings, with a median
light area; dark marblings, dots, or spots may be
present on the breast; lower surface of hind limbs
yellowish or flesh -colour, with or without brown dots
or vermiculations. Iris pale golden, more or less
obscured with brown.

One of the male specimens from Monte Morello,
sent me by Count Peracca, belongs to that aberration

KAN A.

317

already noticed in Bana esculenta, which is character-
ised by the absence of every kind of light pigment,
nothing but the brown being present. The throat
and belly are pigmentless, transparent, and the iris
dark brown without a trace of gold ; the upper parts
of a nearly uniform pinkish-brown, with the darker
markings on the limbs and temples feebly indicated.

Male without vocal sacs, with very strong fore
limbs, comparable to those of B. tempovaria, during the
breeding season ; the inner finger with a very strong
pad covered with blackish-brown horny spinules,
forming an undivided patch.

Measurements

(in millimetres).

1. 2.

From snout to vent . .50 ...66

Head 15 ... 22

Width of head . . . 18 ... 26
Diameter of eye . . . 5 ... 65,
Interorbital width . . 3 5 ... 5
From eye to nostril . . 3 - 5 ... 4*5

„ end of snout . 7 ... 9

Tympanum . . . 2 5 ... 3

From eye to tympanum . 25 ... 2 5

Fore limb . ' . . . 32 ... 47
Hind limb . . . .88 ...133 ,

Tibia 28 ... 45

Foot 27 ... 42

Inner toe . . . . 6 ... 9
Inner metatarsal tubercle . 2*5 ... 4

1, 5, 6. Florence : Peracca.

2. Tajce, Bosnia : Brandis.

3.

43

14

16

4-5,

35

3

6-5
o

u

O
£i

28

82

29

23
4-5
2 5

4.

48
16
18 ,

55

4

4

8

25

o

30
91
30
26

5

2-5

5.

. 59
. 17
. 21
. 55
. 4
. 4
. 8
. 3
. 2-5
. 35
.100
. 32
. 29
. 6-5
. 3

e.

57
17
21

5-5

4

3-5

75

o
O

2
34
98
31
30

7-5

3

3. Travnik, Bosnia : Werner.

4. Klimenti, Morea: Douglass.

Fig. 115.

Upper view of skull.

318

RANID2E.

Skeleton. — Fronto-parietals broad and flat; eth-
moid rounded anteriorly ; nasals small, oblique, their
posterior border rather convex than concave. Tibia
longer than femur, but less markedly so than in
R. latastii and R. agilis. Distal phalanges with very
strongly developed transverse terminal expansion,
T-shaped at the end, this being more conspicuous
than in any other European species.

Measurements or Skeleton (in millimetres).

?

15
16

3-5
16
16
14

9
13
20
25
28
12
24

Habits. — In its movements this species is some-
what intermediate between R. temporaria and R.
latastii, being not quite so excitable and agile as the
latter, which is fully comparable to R. agilis. The
voice of the male during the breeding season may
be expressed by geek, geclc, geclc; geclc, geek, uttered
in very rapid succession. The breeding season, in
the Apennines, falls in the month of March, together
with that of R. agilis, which occurs in the same
localities. As we have mentioned in the Introduction,
the great difference in the spermatozoa of the two
species precludes the possibility of their intercrossing
any more than in the case of R. arvalis and R. tempo-
raria, which differ to an equal degree.

Tadpole (PL III, fig. 4). — The tadpole of R. grseca,
although more nearly resembling that of R. temporaria
than any other European species, differs from all its
congeners in having the mouth quite as wide as the

6

Length of skull . . . . 12'5

Width of skull .

14

Least interorbital width

o
O

Dorsal vertebral column

14

Urostyle

. 13

Humerus .

135

Radius-ulna

8

Manus

12

Pelvis

16

Femur

20

Tibia .

23

Tarsus

10

Pes .

23

RANA. 319

interocular space, which equals once and a half the
distance between the nostrils. The labial dentition is
more developed even than in 11. temporaria, the teeth
forming ^ or \ series, of which the second upper is
but narrowly interrupted in the middle ; the four
lower series are either all continuous and occupying
nearly the whole width of the lip, or the fourth is
broken up in the middle. A single series of papillae
on the lower labial edge. Tail obtuse, once and two-
thirds the length of the body, its depth about one-
third its length.

Grey above, closely speckled with black, whitish
beneath ; muscular portion of the tail reticulated
with black ; caudal crests with small black spots or
arborescent markings.

Total length, 48 mm.; body, 18; width of body,
12 ; tail, 30'; depth of tail, 10.

Habitat. — This species was originally described
from the mountains of Greece. The first specimens
were obtained by von Oertzen at Musinitza, in the
Korax mountains, on the limit between Doris and
iEtolia, at an altitude of 5800 feet. I received
several larval specimens from Dr. Kriiper, which
came from the Parnassos, at an altitude of about
3000 feet. More recently my friend Mr. Norman
Douglass brought me from a journey to Greece several
specimens, which he collected on the hills above
Klimenti, in Northern Morea.

There is no doubt that the specimens from the
mountains of Bosnia, referred by Boettger to B.
latastii, belong to this species, as pointed out by
Werner ; I have examined a male specimen from
Travnik submitted to me by Dr. F. Werner; and
another from Tajce, collected by Prof. E. Brandis, is
now in the British Museum. Werner obtained it
also from Montenegro, and Peracca has ascertained
its presence in the Apennines (Monte Morello, near
Florence, 2600 feet; Siena, 2600 feet; and Perugia),
where it occurs in company with R. agills. The

320 KANID.E.

specimens from Tuscany and Umbria mentioned by
Bedriaga in his description of B. latastii must also
be identified with B. graeca. I have strong reason
to believe the species will be found all along the
Apennine chain, as Prof. Giglioli kindly informs me
a brown frog closely resembling II. latastii occurs
in the provinces Umbria, Rome, Terra di Lavoro,
Basilicata, and Calabria, at altitudes varying between
1300 and 3000 feet. It is to be hoped Prof. Griglioli
will soon be able to undertake a careful study of the
vast material at his command, and thus settle in a
more exact manner the range of the various species of
brown frogs in the Italian peninsula.

Since the preceding lines were set up in type I
have received from Count Peracca, who is now
(March, 1898) on a collecting expedition in the
south of Italy, information as to the occurrence of
this species in the environs of Potenza, Basilicata.
We therefore feel justified in concluding that all pre-
vious references to B. tew/poraria and B>. latastii from
the Italian peninsula, south of Florence, are based
on specimens of B. grseca and B. agilis.

The three specimens figured on PL XXII are from
Italy. I am indebted for them to Count Peracca.
The left-hand figure is taken from a male from Siena ;
the right-hand figures represent a female from Monte
Morello (Florence), and the aberrant male, from the
same locality, noticed above, p. 316.

. XX HI.

^**sa

V*

,

.

a/nsa. <•

beAscc

a.

// a

Aas&W'"

RANA.

321

Fig. 116.

18. Rana IBERICA.
(Plate XXIII.)

Rana iberica, Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 177;
Bosca, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 259 ; Boulenger, Cat.
Batr. Ecaud., p. 46 (1882); Boettger, Sitzb. Ak. Berl., 1887,
p. 180; Heron- Royer & Van Bambeke, Arch, de Biol., ix,
1889, p. 258, pi. xvi, fig. 4 ; Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou,
1889, p. 345, Ampb. Rept. Portug., p. 9 (18S9), and Larves
Batr. Portug., p. 8 (1891); Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H.
(6), viii, 1891, p. 350, and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1891, p. 608, pi.
xlv, fig. 5.

Vomerine teetli in two small oblique series behind
the level of the choana3.

Head as long; as broad or a little
broader than long, moderately de-
pressed. Snout short, obtuse, round-
ed ; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal
region not very oblique, slightly con-
cave ; nostril equidistant from the
eye and the end of the snout, or
slightly nearer the latter ; the distance TT

° J ' Upper view of bead.

between the nostrils a little greater
than the interorbital width, which equals the width
of the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, its diameter
one-half to three-fifths that of the eye; the distance
between the eye and the tympanum equals two-thirds
to three-fourths the diameter of the latter.

Fingers obtuse, first not extending, or extending
but very slightly, beyond second ; subarticular tuber-
cles moderately developed.

Hind limb very long, the tibio-tarsal articulation
reaching beyond the tip of the snout in the adult,
the tip of the snout in the young ; heels strongly
overlapping when the limbs are folded. Tibia but
slightly shorter than the fore limb, and nearly as long
as the foot. Toes three-fourths or even almost entirely
webbed, the web with more or less deep crescentic
notch ; subarticular tubercles moderately large and

Y

322 RANTD4S.

prominent. Inner metatarsal tubercle small, soft,
oval, measuring about one-third the length of the
inner toe ; a small and more or less indistinct tubercle
usually present at the base of the fourth toe.

The skin may be perfectly smooth, or the back
rough with granules and small round warts; hinder
side of thighs granular. Dorso-lateral fold narrow
but rather prominent, running straight from the
temple to the groin ; the distance between these folds
on the scapular region equals two-ninths to one-fourth
the length from snout to vent.

Coloration very variable. Upper parts yellowish-
brown, greyish-brown, or reddish, with or without
dark brown spots ; not unfrequently the back is
largely blotched with yellowish, and the sides may be
spotted with pure white ; or the back may be closely
speckled and spotted with black ; flanks often with
dark brown spots or marblings ; a dark brown
A-shaped marking sometimes present on the scapular
region; dorso-lateral folds usually with a dark brown
outer margin ; a dark brown canthal streak and a
large dark brown or black temporal spot ; a whitish
streak from below the eye to the angle of the mouth ;
limbs with dark cross bands, which may be very indis-
tinct; hinder side of thighs usually speckled or mar-
bled with dark brown. Lower parts whitish, rosy
under the limbs, and more or less profusely spotted
or marbled with brown, especially on the throat and
breast ; the middle line of the throat, however, usually
unspotted. In a small living male the throat was
flesh-colour powdered with gold-dust ; the lower sur-
face of the limbs was also carneous, but unpigmented.
Iris golden, entirely, or brown in its lower moiety.

Males are devoid of vocal sacs, and the nuptial ex-
crescences of the inner finger are granular and grey-
brown, as in B. agilis, and thus different from those of
B. temporaria, grseca, and latastii.

RANA.

323

Measurements (in millimetres).

3 ?

From snout to vent .

Head

Width of head .

Diameter of eye

Interorbital width

From eye to nostril .

,, end of snout

Diameter of tympanum
From eye to tympanum
Fore limb
Hind limb
Tibia .
Foot .
Inner toe
Inner metatarsal tubercle

1, 3. Serra de Gerez

1.

2.

3.

.

. 40 ..

. 54 ...

. 14 ..

. 14 ..

. 17

. 15 ..

15 ..

20

4 ..

4 ..

5

3 ..

35..

4

3 ..

3 ..

4 .

6 ..

6 ..

8 .

2-5 ..

2-5 ..

3

o

o

o

*J

26 .'.'

28 .'.'

35 .

78 ...

74 ...

98 .

24 ...

24 ...

31 .

26 ..

24 ..

30 .

6 ..

55..

7 .

2 ..

2 ..

25.

4.

50
16

17

5-5

4

35

7

3
<>

31

m

28
27
65

Gadow. 2,4. Coimbra: Gadow.

Skeleton. — Except for the longer tibia, resembles
that of E. temporaria. The nasals are likewise pyri-

Fig. 117.

Upper view of skull.

form, with concave posterior border, the fronto-
parietals broad and flat, and the upper surface of the
ethmoid obtuse or rounded in front.

The shape of the nasals, and the lesser terminal
expansion of the distal phalanges, serve to distinguish
the skeleton of this species from that of its nearest
ally, i?-. grseca.

324

RANID2E.

Measurements of Skeleton (in millimetres).

Length of skull .

Width of skull .

Least interorbital width

Dorsal vertebral column

Urostvle

Humerus

Radius-ulna

Manus .

Pelvis .

Femur .

Tibia .

Tarsus .

Pes

?

15
16

4
16
15
14

9

13
19
25
28
12
27

Habits. — We know very little yet about the habits
of this species. Bosca says it is found in mountain
streams and springs and among the grass on their
borders, never far from water. Males were observed
by him in breeding attire at the end of March, at which
time larvas were also to be found. The few specimens
I have been able to observe alive made tremendous
leaps, and their voice in summer resembled that of
B. agilis. A small male in breeding costume, received
24th March, 1897, from Mr. Moller of Coimbra, had
a rather deeper note, cock, code, code.

Tadpole (PI. Ill, fig. 5). — This frog is intermediate
between B. temporaria and B. agilis in its larval as well
as in its perfect state. Width of mouth much less than
the interocular space, which equals nearly twice the
distance between the nostrils. Series of labial teeth
f , rarely f , the second upper series widely interrupted
in the middle, the third very short ; first lower series
short, hardly half the length of the second, fourth
interrupted in the middle. The beak resembles that
of B. agilis, and in one of the four specimens before
me the upper mandible is likewise provided with a
large black tubercle in the middle of its basal portion.

Tail obtuse, once and a half to once and three-
fourths the length of the body, its depth about one-
third its length.

RANA. 325

Lines of muciferous crypts very distinct, as in
R. agilis.

The colour of the upper parts varies from reddish-
brown to blackish-brown ; belly greyish or whitish ;
caudal crests brownish, the upper darker than the
lower, with brown dots and large blackish spots,
which are also present on the muscular part.

Total length, 49 mm.; body, 17; width of body,
12; tail, 32; depth of tail, 11.

Habitat. — Rana iberica, hitherto observed only in
Portugal and North-western Spain, is principally
bound to the mountains, where it is fouud up to
4500 feet or even higher. It has been obtained in
Galicia and New Castille ; in the Serra de Gerez, the
Valle Passos, near Coimbra and Beira, the Serra de
Soajo, near Lisbon, and in the Serra de San Mamede ;
it is thus on record from all the provinces of Portugal
with the exception of Algarve.

This species has also been recorded, with some
doubts as to the correctness of the identification of
a single specimen, from the Lac d'Aubert, Hautes
Pyrenees, by Belloc (C. R. Assoc. Franc., Pau, 1892,
ii, p. 520). This specimen was probably nothing but
an aberrant and badly preserved half-grown Rana
temjwraria.

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. F. A. Moller,
of the Botanic Gardens, Coimbra, for the specimens
figured on PI. XXIII. The specimen to the right is
a male, that to the left a female.

326

EANID.2B.

19. RANA LATAST1I.

(Plate XXIIL)

Rana latastei, Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. ISO,

and Cat. Batr. Ecaud., p. 46 (1SS2) ; Camerano, Mem. Ace.

Torin. (2), xxxv, 1883, p. 269, pi. i, figs. 2—4 ; Peracca, Boll.

Mas. Torin., i, 1886, No. 5 ; Borelli, Boll. Mus. Torin., i, 1886,

No. 14; Boulenger, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), viii, 1891, p.

351, and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1891, p. 608, pi. xlv, fig. 6.
Rana temporaria, part., De Betta, Atti 1st. Venet. (2), iv, 18S5,

p. 45.
Rana latastii, part., Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1889, p.

338.

Vomerine teeth in two small, oval, oblique groups
behind the level of the choanas.

Head nearly as long as broad, sometimes slightly
broader than long, sometimes slightly longer than
broad, more depressed than in H. temporaria and
B. iberica, less so than in B. agilis. The snout
varies much in shape : it may be short and rounded,

Fig. 118.

Upper views of heads.

as in a platyrrhine B. temporaria, or as long, as
pointed, and as prominent as in a typical B. arvalis
(two extreme forms are represented in Fig. 118) ;
loreal region more oblique than in B. temporaria. and
B. iberica, less so than in B. agilis ; nostril equidistant
from the eye and the end of the snout, or slightly
nearer the latter ; the distance between the nostrils
equals the interorbital width, which equals the width
of the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, its
diameter one-half to two-thirds the diameter of the

RAN A. 327

eye ; the distance between the eye and the tympanum
equals one-half to two-thirds the diameter of the
tympanum.

Fingers obtuse, first extending beyond second ;
subarticnlar tubercles moderately developed.

Hind limb very long, the tibio-tarsal articulation
reaching beyond the tip of the snout; heels strongly
overlapping when the limbs are folded ; tibia as long
as the fore limb or a little shorter, as long as the foot
or a little longer. Toes three-fonrths webbed in the
female, the web with crescentic emargination, three-
fourths or almost entirely webbed, and with straight
or even convex border to the web in the breeding;
male; subarticnlar tubercles moderately large and
prominent ; inner metatarsal tubercle small, soft, oval,
measuring about one-third the length of the inner
toe ; a small outer metatarsal tubercle is usually present
at the base of the fourth toe.

Skin smooth, or with a few small warts scattered
on the back ; back of the thighs granular. Dorso-
lateral glandular fold narrow and more or less pro-
minent, running nearly straight from the temple to
the groin ; the distance between these folds on the
scapular region equals one-fourth to one-fifth the
length from snout to vent.

The coloration varies less than in E. temporaria and
E. iberica, but more than in E. agilis. Upper parts
greyish or reddish brown, usually with a few dark
brown spots ; a dark cross-bar between the eyes, and
a A-shaped marking on the scapular region ; small
orange or red spots may be present on the back, and,
very rarely, a few ink-black blotches ; the glandular
lateral folds usually not paler than the surroundings,
sometimes reddish, often with a dark brown outer mar-
gin ; no large spots on the flanks ; a canthal streak and
sometimes the whole of the loreal region dark brown;
a dark brown or blackish temporal spot ; a light streak
from below the eye to the angle of the mouth ; hind
limbs with well-marked olive or dark brown cross-bars ;

328

EANID.E.

hinder side of tbigbs speckled or spotted with brown.
Lower parts white or pinkish, the throat and the bind
limbs often of a bright pink or salmon-colonr ; throat
and breast spotted or mottled with grey or brown,
with the median line of tbe throat and usually a
cross-line on the breast unspotted, tbe two forming
a X-sbaped white or pink marking ; belly and lower
surface of tbigbs sometimes spotted, sometimes im-
maculate. Iris golden, much obscured with brown,
at least in its lower half.

Males distinguished by much stronger fore limbs,
and a large pad on the inner side of the inner digit,
wbich, during the breeding time, is covered with dark
brown borny excrescences or minute spinules, forming
tbree or four distinct patches. No vocal sacs.

Measukements (in millimetres).

f

•> i

■>

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

From snout to vent

t #

48 ... 55 .

.. 54 ... 62 .

. 58 ..

. 56

Head .

.

16 ... :

L7 .

.. 16 ... 18 .

. 17 ..

. 18

Width of head .

.

15 ...

18 .

.. 18 ... 19 .

.. 18 ..

. 18

Diameter of eye .

# B

5 ...

5-5.

.. 6 ... 6 .

. 55..

. 6

Interorbital width

4 ...

4-5.

.. 4 . . 4 .

. 4 ..

. 4

From eye to nostril

35...

4 .

.. 4 ... 4-5.

.. 4 ..

. 4

,, end of snout .

7 ...

8 .

.. 7-5... 9 .

. 8 ..

. 8

Diameter of tympanum

3 ...

4 .

.. 35... 35.

.. 4 ..

. 4

From eye to tympanum

o

-j ...

o

.. 2 ... 2-5.

o

o

Fore limb .

30 ...

35

.. 37 ... 38 .

.. 34 '.'.

'. 35

Hind limb .

.

84 ...

E>5

..103 ...113 .

..106 ..

.104

Tibia .

# ,

28 ...

33

.. 35 ... 37 .

0£
..DO

. 34

Foot .

.

26 ...

31

.. 33 ... 35 .

.. 24 ..

. 32

Inner toe

m (

6 ...

6-5

.. 7 .. 8 .

.. 7 ..

. 6-5

Inner metatarsal tubercle

9

m ...

2-5

.. 25... 2-5.

.. 25..

o

1. Oastelfranco

: De Betta.

4. Turin : Peracca.

2. Varese : Camerano.

5. Novara : Camerano.

3. Florence : Gi

glioli.

6. Venice : De

Betta.

Skeleton. — Fronto-parietals broad and flat, tbeir
widtb in tbe middle contained twice to twice and a
half iu tbeir length ; ethmoid rounded or obtusely
pointed anteriorly. Nasals small, oblique, separated
from each other on the median line, their posterior
border nearly straight, or if concave less markedly so

RAN A.

329

than in R. temporaria. Zygomatic process of the
squamosal a little longer than the posterior. Ver-

Fig. 119.

Upper view of skull.

tebral column twice to twice and a half the length of
the skull. Transverse processes unequal in length.
Tibia considerably longer than the femur, which
measures nearly twice the length of the tarsus. Two
bones in the praspollex and two in the prsehallux.

Measurements of Skeleton (in millimetres).

Length of skull .

Width of skull .

Least interorbital width

Dorsal vertebral column

Urostyle

Humerus .

Radius-ulna

Manus

Pelvis

Femur

Tibia

Tarsus

Pes .

<?
15
14

3
17
15
14

9
12
18
24
28
12
26

?

17
17

4
19
16
15
10
14
22
28
33
14
29

Habits. — Much the same as in R. agilis, which R.
latastii also resembles in the enormous leaps it is able
to make. Its voice is feeble, and may be rendered by
Jceck-Jcech-keclc-IiecJc-Jcecl', uttered in rapid succession.
Peracca has observed it spawning near Turin in
March, a little later than R. agilis.

330

KANID^.

Although so closely allied and living side by side in
many localities, these two species never appear to in-
terbreed. As in B. temporaria and B. arvalis, this is
probably to be ascribed mainly to the great difference
in the seminal elements, as mentioned on p. 77 of the
Introduction.

Eggs. — According to Count Peracca, to whom I
am also indebted for eggs of this frog, the vitelline
sphere is blackish-brown, with the lower third white,
and measures If mm. ; the mucilaginous envelop is
also smaller than in B. agilis and B. temporaria, 6 or

Fig. 120.

7 mm. in diameter. The embryo, on leaving the egg
on the thirteenth or fourteenth day, is only half as
long as that of B. agilis.

Tadpole (PI. Ill, fig. 6). — Intermediate between B.
temporaria and B. agilis. Width of mouth equalling
the distance between the nostrils and two-thirds the
distance between the eyes. Series of labial teeth f ,
the second upper series very widely interrupted in the
middle, the third extremely short ; first lower series
very short, hardly half the length of the second ;
fourth interrupted in the middle. Beak as in B. tem-
poraria. Tail acutely pointed, twice as long as the
body, its depth one-third its length. Lines of muci-
ferous crypts very distinct, as in B. agilis.

Brown above, whitish beneath ; caudal crests
whitish, dotted with dark brown, the upper with
some larger spots.

RAN A. 331

Total length, 44 mm. ; body, 14 ; width of body, 10 ;
tail, 30; depth of tail, 10.

Habitat. — liana latastii was originally discovered
near Milan, where it appears to be very common, and
occurs in company with R. agilis. Its presence has
since been ascertained in various localities in Pied-
mont, Lombardy, and Venitia, from the province of
Turin to the province of Udine, and in the province of
Florence, but we are at present uncertain as to the
southern limit of its range in the Italian peninsula,
owing to the confusion that has taken place with
R. grseca. It has not yet been recorded from Swit-
zerland, where it will no doubt be found in Tessin,
beino- abundant at Varese. not far from the Swiss
frontier.

In North Italy R. latastii is a form of the plain,
being replaced in the mountains by R. temporaria ; in
the peninsula it is probably found at no very con-
siderable altitude, its place being taken from 2500
feet and above by its close ally R. gvseca, and also by
R. agilis, which in the Italian peninsula is at home in
the mountains as well as at sea level.

Male and female from Turin, received from Count
Peracca, are figured on PI. XXIII.

332 eanidj:.

20. Rana agilis.
(Plate XXIV.)

Rana temporaria, part., Daudin, Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap., p. 46,
pi. xv, fig. 2 (1803), and Hist. Rept., viii, p. 94 (1803);
Dumeril & Bibron, Erp. Gen., viii, p. 358(1841); Giinther,
Cat. Batr. Sal., p. 16 (1858); Schreiber, Herp. Eur., p. 125
(1875) ; De Betta, Atti 1st. Yenet. (6). iv, 1885, p. 45.

Rana lemporaria (non Linnaeus), Millet, Faune Maine et Loire,
ii, p. 664 (1828).

Rana dalmatina, Fitzinger, in Bonaparte, Mem. Ace. Torin. (2),
ii, 1839, p. 249 *

Rana agilis, Thomas, Ann. Sc. Nat. (4), iv, 1855, p. 365, pi. vii,
figs. 1—4; Fatio, Rev. & Mag. Zool. (2), xiv, 1862, p. 81,
pis. vi & vii; Steenstrup, Vid. Meddel., 1869, p. 16; Fatio,
Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 333 (1872); De l'lsle, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5),
xvii, 1873, art. 3, p. 3; De Betta, Faun. Ital.. Rett. Anf.,
p. 65 (1874) ; Lataste, Herp. Gir., p. 233 (1876) ; Leydig, An.
Batr., p. 143 (1877) ; Lessona, Atti Ace. Lincei, Mem. CI. Sc.
fis., i, 1877, p. 1074, pi. iii ; Heron-Royer, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1878, p. 128, pi. iii, fig. 1; Boulenger, Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1879, p. 183, 1880, p. 209, and Cat. Batr. Ecaud.,
p. 46 (1882); Camerano, Mem. Ace. Torin. (2), xxxv, 1883,
p. 274, pi. i, figs. 5-8; Heron-Royer, Ball. Soc. Et. Sc.
Angers (2), xiv, 1885, p. 124, and Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1886, p. 681; Borelli, Boll. Mus. Torin., i, 1886, No. 14;
Boettger, in Radde, Faun. Flor. Casp.-Geb., p. 77 (1886), and
Sitzb. Ak. Berl., 1888, p. 148; Leydig, Verb. Pbys. Ges.
Wurzb. (2), xxii, No. 6, 1888, and Zool. Anz., 1889, p. 316;
Heron-Royer & Van Bambeke, Arch. Biol., ix, 1889, p. 255;
Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1889, p. 323 ; Wolterstorff,
Zool. Anz., 1890, p. 260 ; Mehely, Zool. Anz., 1890, p. 447 ;
Melsheimer, Verh. Ver. Rheinl. (5), vii, 1890, p. 82; Bou-
lenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1891, p. 609, pi. xiv, fig. 7; Mehely,
Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt, Herp., p. 61 (1892), and Math. Term.
Kozl. Budapest, xxv, 1892, p. 43, pis. iii & v ; Leydig, Zool.
Gart., xxxiii, 1892, p. 321 ; Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1892,
p. lxxxii; Stoll, Viertehjakrschr. Nat. Ges. Zurich, xxxvii,

* The strict application of the law of priority would require the
adoption of this name in preference to that proposed by Thomas sixteen
years later, as the former was accompanied by a definition (" Gigantea,
pedibus posticis longissimus "), however inadequate, and specimens so
labelled by Fitzinger are preserved in the Vienna Museum. However,
this is one of those cases in which, it appears to me, conservatism is
desirable, as the name agilis was the first to appear in connection with
a proper description, and has been so generally in use within the last
half-century. Similar considerations have guided me in the naming of
the two species of the genus Bombinator, and I hope, in the interest of
the stability of nomenclature, they will commend themselves to future
workers.

a

r.

^

RANA.

333

1892, p. 337 ; Boulenger, The Zool., 1893, p. 355 ; Melsbeimer,
Verb. Nat. Ver. Rheinl., 1, 1893, Korr., p. 44; Douglass,
Herp. Baden, p. 45 (1894) ; Knautbe, Zool. Gert., xxxv, 1894,
p. 286; Werner, Rept. Auiph. Oesterr.-Ung., p. 94 (1897);
Diirigen, Deutscbl. Ampli.,p.459,pl. iii, fig. 2(1897); Gadeau
de Kerville, Faun. Norm., iv, p. 199 (1897).
Rana gracilis, Fatio, Rev. & Mag. Zool. (2), xiv, 1862, p. 81,
pis. vi & vii.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series or oval groups
behind the level of the choanae.

Head as long as broad or a little broader than long,
much depressed. Snout rounded or obtusely acumi-
nate, more or less projecting, usually as long as or a
little longer than the diameter of the orbit, — excep-
tionally a little shorter, as shown on right hand of
121; canthus rostralis distinct

Fig

loreal region

Fig. 121.

Upper views of beads.

oblique, concave ; nostril equidistant from the eye and
the end of the snout, or slightly nearer the former ; the
distance between the nostrils exceeds the interorbital
width, which equals two-thirds to three-fourths the
width of the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct,
its diameter two-thirds to five-sixths that of the eye;
the distance between the eyes and the tympanum
equals one-fifth to two-fifths its diameter.

Fingers obtuse, first extending beyond second ;
subarticular tubercles large and very prominent.

Hind limb very long, the tibio-tarsal articulation
reaching the tip of the snout or beyond in the adult,
not quite so far in the young, the heels strongly over-
lapping when the limbs are folded ; tibia as long as
the fore limb or a little shorter, as long as the foot or

334

RANIDiE.

a little longer. Toes one-half to three-fourths webbed,
the last or two last phalanges of the fourth toe free,
the web with crescentic emargination, or with almost
straight border in some breeding males ; subarticular
tubercles large and prominent; inner metatarsal
tubercle oval, very prominent, measuring one-third to
one-half the length of the inner toe; a small tubercle
usually present at the base of the fourth toe.

Fig. 122.

Hand and foot of male (lower aspect).

Skin smooth, or with a few flat glands ; a strong but
narrow glandular dorso-lateral fold, often broken up
along its course, running straight from the temple to
the groin, or slightly converging towards its fellow
between the shoulders; the distance between the folds
on the scapular region two-elevenths to two-ninths the
length from snout to vent; glandular folds bordermo-
the temporal spot above and below.

Skin smooth beneath, except on the posterior half
of the thighs, which are finely granular.

Upper parts varying from yellowish or pinkish to
grey or dark brown, uniform or finely speckled with
blackish ; a few small dark spots may be present on
the back, and a A-shaped dark marking between the
shoulders is usually distinct; rarely a few small ink-
black spots scattered on the back ; flanks unspotted, or
with small spots; glandular lateral folds not much
lighter than the surroundings ; loreal and temporal
regions dark brown or blackish, separated from the
border of the lip by a more or less distinct light streak;
a dark brown or black streak on the inner side of the
arm; limbs with regular brown or blackish cross-bands;

RANA.

335

binder side of thighs brownish, or yellow speckled
with brown. Lower parts white or yellowish-white,
immaculate, or with small brown, blackish, or red
dots or arborescent lines on the throat and sides;
lower lip usually marbled, with grey or brown ; in-
guinal and femoral regions often bright yellow, the
feet pinkish.

Iris golden in its upper half, brown or nearly black
in its lower half.

Males distinguished by stronger fore limbs, although
not to the same extent as in II. arvalis and B. tem-
poraria, a shorter body, and somewhat more developed
webs between the toes. A moderately developed pad
is present on the inner side of the first finger, and this
is covered during the breeding season with greyish
granular excrescences, forming a single patch extend-
ing to the tip of the finger. Vocal sacs are absent.

Measurements (in millimetres).

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

From snout to

vent

61 .

. 56 .

. 57 .

.49 ..

. 76 .

. 76 .

. 65 .

. 68

Head .

19 .

. 17 .

. 20 .

..16 ..

. 24 .

. 23 .

. 18 .

. 21

Width of head .

20 .

. 19 .

. 20 .

.17 ..

. 24 .

. 24 .

. 20 .

. 21

Diameter of eye .

6 .

. 6 .

. 6 .

. 5 ..

. 7 ..

. 65.

. 6 .

. 6

Interorbitalwidth

4 .

. 35.

. 35.

. 3 .

. 5 .

. 4 .

. 4 .

. 35

From eye to nos-

tril .

35.

. 3 .

. 35.

. 35.

. 4-5.

. 4 .

. 4 .

. 4

From eye to end

of snout .

8-5.

. 8 .

. 8 .

. 8 ..

. 10 ..

. 10 .

. 8-5.

. 9

Tympanum

5 ..

. 4 ..

. 5 .

. 35..

. 55..

. 5 .

. 5 .

. 5

From eye to tym-

panum

1-5..

. 15..

. 1-5.

. 1 ..

o

o

. 1-5.

. 15

Fore limb .

37 ..

. 35 ..

. 37 .

.30 ..

. 43 ..

. 44 .

. 41 .

. 39

Hind limb . .109 ..

.101 .

.109 .

..86 ..

.134 ..

.128 .

.121 .

.118

Tibia .

36 .

. 33 ..

. 35 .

.29 ..

. 44 ..

. 44 ..

. 40 .

. 40

Foot .

34 .

. 32 ..

. 34 .

.27 ..

. 41 ..

. 40 ..

. 37 .

. 36

Inner toe

7 ..

. 6 ..

. 6 .

. 5-5..

. 8 ..

. 9 .

. 9 ..

. 7-5

Inner metatarsal

tubercle .

25..

. 3 ..

. 3 ..

o

o

. 4 ..

. 3 .

. 35

1, 5. St. Malo : Boulenger.

2. Jersey : Hornell.
3,6. Vienna: Werner.

4, 8. Marcellise, Verona: De
Betta.
7. Bologna: Bianconi.

336

RANIM.

According to Werner, this species reaches, in
Dalmatia, a length of 90 mm. from snout to vent.
It is on such large specimens that Fitzinger founded
his Bana dalmatina.

Skeleton. — Skull twice to twice and one-fourth in
the length of the vertebral column. Fronto-parietals
slightly grooved along the middle, twice and a half to
three times as long as broad anteriorly ; nasals widely
separated from each other, oblique, with straight or
slightly concave posterior border; upper surface of
ethmoid more or less acutely pointed anteriorly ;
zygomatic process of squamosal as long as or a little
shorter than the posterior.

Diapophyses of third vertebra once and a half as
long as those of the eighth, and a little longer than
the sacral.

Tibia considerably longer than the femur, twice as
long as the tarsus. Terminal phalanges slightly ex-
panded at the end. Two bones to the praspollex, and
two to the prsehallux.

Measurements oe Skeleton (in millimetres).

S

?

Length of skull . . . .19

18

Width of skull .

19

19

Least interorbital width

4

35

Dorsal vertebral column

21

21

Urostyle

20

20

Humerus .

.

17

16

Radius-ulna

12

11

Manus

m

16

15

Pelvis

,

24

25

Femur

30

30

Tibia

.

35

34

Tarsus

u

17

17

Pes .

, ,

. 34

33

Habits. — The agile frog well deserves its name; its
extremely long hind limbs enable it to cover a surface
of six feet at one leap. The delicate texture of its
skin and the general slenderness of its build impart to
this frog an elegant appearance far surpassing that of
any of its European congeners. The shade of the

EANA.

337

Fig. 123.

Skeleton of male.

338 KANID.E.

upper parts, constantly varying under atmospheric
influences, often suggests the colour of dry leaves,
among which the frog is, in fact, not unfrequently met
with in woods, and under which it seeks shelter when
pursued. Woods, together with swampy meadows
and banks overgrown with long grass, constitute its
usual abode. It is never found in fields or gardens, or
amono; roadside brambles and nettles like the common
frog, which, however, often associates with it in the
wilderness. The voice is feeble and clear, and may be
rendered by co, co, co, or cor, cor, cor, uttered rapidly.
Rana agilis is found in the water only during the
breeding season, which falls in France usually three
or four weeks later than in R. tem/poraria, between the
middle of February and the beginning of April, isolated
individuals spawning exceptionally as tardily as May :
in Lower Austria, according to Werner, the breeding
season of the two species coincides, and takes place in
the latter half of March. The eggs are usually
deposited on the borders of small ponds or pools in
flooded quarries. Specimens from Turin sent to me
the winter before last by my friend Count Peracca,
spawned in an aquarium out of doors on the 20th and
21st of February; owing to the cold weather and
frosty nights that followed, the development of the
eggs was at first almost completely arrested, and the
first embryos did not emerge from the mucilage until
the 15th of the following month.

The young leave the water by the end of June or
beginning of July, rarely as late as the middle of
August.

The pairing takes place as in R. temjporaria, but is
of much shorter duration, the females usually resortiug
to the water only at night, and when quite ready to
spawn. Specimens in embrace are therefore seldom
observed in the daytime. The males do not, generally
speaking, show the same genesic frenzy as the common
frog, seldom seizing females of other species in the
absence of legitimate mates ; they often hibernate in

RANA.

339

the mud under water, in company with the common
frog, where the two species co- exist.

Eggs. — Vitelline sphere measuring 2 to 2^ mm. (up
to 3 according to Peracca), blackish-brown in the upper

Fig. 124.

half, whitish in the lower; mucilaginous envelop,
when swollen out, measuring 9 to 12 mm. The esT^s
form a single lump, smaller as a rule than in B. tern-
poraria, and do not float. According to Heron-Rover
their number varies between 669 and 1200. I have
myself counted 1188 and 1415 in broods from Turin.
The embryo, on leaving the egg, is of a paler brown
than in B. temporaria, and its external gills are much
less developed and unpigmented.

Tadpole (PI. Ill, fig. 7). — In general form similar to
B. esculenta, but snout rather shorter, the nostrils being
equidistant from the eyes and the end of the snout,
and spiraculum considerably nearer the posterior than
the anterior extremity of the body. Interocular space
twice as great as the distance between the nostrils.
Tail twice to twice and a half as long as the body,
pointed and attenuate or submucronate at the end, its
depth about twice and two thirds in its length ; upper

340 RANIDJC.

cresfc very convex, deeper than tlie lower, aud ex-
tending upon the back as far as the level of the
spiraculum.

Beak broadly edged with black, usually with a
black tubercle or knob in the middle of the basal part
of the upper mandible, which may be accompanied
by a smaller one on each side. Usually two series of
papilke bordering the lower lip. Labial teeth in
f series, the second and third upper short and widely
separated in the middle, the first lower short, the
three others nearly twice as long and uninterrupted,
or the fourth very narrowly interrupted in the middle.
Very distinct lines of crypts on the head and body.
One of these forms a hoop, the ends of which approach
on the upper lip, passing above the nostril and bor-
dering the eye above and below ; another begins
behind the eye and bifurcates, the upper branch
extending to the upper caudal crest, the lower to the
middle of the muscular portion of the tail ; a small
branch may descend on each side at a short distance
behind the eye, forming a sigmoid curve ; another
curved line on each side, bordering the spiraculum
above (see Fig. 46, p. 104).

Pale brown or rufous above, with dark brown
spots; sides with roundish golden spots between a
brown or reddish network; belly white, with pale
golden or mother-of-pearl spots; throat pink; mus-
cular portion of tail pale brown or yellowish, with
small brown or grey spots; caudal crests greyish-
white, with white and small greyish-brown spots,
which are scarcer on the lower crest ; usually a few
deep black spots on the upper edge of the upper
crest.

Total length, 59 mm. ; body, 18 ; width of body, 12 ;
tail, 41 ; depth of tail, 15.

Habitat. — Bana agilis inhabits the greater part of
France, from the north coast of Brittany, Normandy,
and Paris to the foot of the Pyrenees and the Medi-
terranean littoral, but appears to be absent from the

RANA. 341

north-east and the central plateau.* It also occurs in
Jersey. It is rare and very local in Germany, the
localities whence it has been reported being Strass-
burg, Linz on the Rhine, the Kaiserstuhl between
Freiburg and the Rhine, Rothenburg on tbe Tauber,
Wi'irzburg and Traunstein in Bavaria, and about the
Zobten, south of Breslau, in Silesia. f In Switzer-
land it is known from' the cantons Geneva, Vaud,
Bern, Zurich, Valais. and Tessin ; in the Austro-
Hungarian Empire from Bohemia, Lower Austria,
Styria, the Tyrol, Illyria, Croatia, Dalmatia, Hungary,
and Transylvania. It appears to be pretty generally
distributed in Italy, and is on record from Modica,
Sicilv. It is further known from Bosnia, Albania,
and Greece. The only localities in Asia whence It.
agilis has been recorded are Lenkoran, on the south-
western coast of the Caspian Sea (Boettger), Suchum
Kale, Transcaspia, and Konkur Valley, S. of R. Hi
(Bedriaga), the two latter requiring confirmation.
Strauch has also referred some specimens obtained by
Przewalski in the Chinese province Ordos to what
he called the " agilis " form of R. temporaria, but these
will no doubt prove to belong to R.japonica,& species
which bears great resemblance to R. agilis.

liana agilis is, on the whole, more a form of the
plain, being replaced in the mountains by R. tempo-
raria ; it is, however, known to reach an altitude of
4200 feet in the Alps of Switzerland, and to extend
pretty high up in the Tyrol and in Transylvania, as
well as in the Apennines.

* Dealing with the mucilaginous capsules of frog ova, R. Florentin
(' Bull. Sci. France Belg.,' xx, 1897, p. 142), mentions having made ex-
periments at Nancy on Rana agilis, Thorn. As this statement might
result in French Lorraine being erroneously or prematurely added to
the habitat of tins species, I may point out that an error of identifica-
tion has been made, since had the author really seen eggs of R. agilis
he would not have attributed to frog spawn generally the floating power
which is possessed by that of R. temporaria alone among European
Batrachians.

t I have examined a specimen from this locality.

342 RANIM3.

The specimens figured on PI. XXIV are from Turin,
again the gift of Count Peracca. The smallest spe-
cimen is a male ; the two others are females, one being
partially concealed among dead leaves.

APPENDIX.

LIST OF THE SPECIMENS PRESERVED IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).*

1-4. <?,?,& hgr

5-7. tf ?
8-13. Hgr. & yg.
14-16. <J ?
17-22. Larvae
23-24. <J
25-20. Hgr.
27-28. Hgr. & yg.
29-30. Larvae

31-34.

35.

36.

37.
38-39.

40.
41-47.

<??
<?

?

a

Hgr.

48-49. <J, skel.

50. ?

51-54. Hgr. & yg.

55-64. <J ?

65. ? , skel.
66-75. Larvae

76. Eggs & em
bryos
77-78. <?

79. S

80. ?
81-82. <? ?

83-84. Hgr. & yg.

1. Discoglossus pictiis, Ottb.

Near Corunna

Sierra Morena

Ciudad Real

Coimbra

Ooimbra

Oporto

Sartene, Corsica

Corsica

Montecristo

Giglio

Luras, Sardinia

Cagliari, Sardinia

Sardinia

Malta

Malta

Malta

Malta

Tangier

Between Mogador and

Morocco
Oran
Oran

Oran ; bred in London
Oran ; bred in London

Tlemsen, Prov. Oran

Algiers

Algiers

Algiers

Algiers

M. V. L. Seoane.
M. E. Bosca.
M. E. Bosca.
Dr. H. Gadow.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. H. Gadow.
Prof. H. H. Giglioli.
M. A. Dollfus.
Prof. H. H. Giglioli.
Prof. H. H. Giglioli.
Prof. L. Cainerano.
Prof. L. Camerano.
Leyden Museum.
Miss E. Attersoll.
Col. Feilden.
J. Norman Douglass,

Esq.
J. Norman Douglass,

Esq.
M. H. Yaucber.
SenckenbergMuseum.

M. E. Cbevreux.
M. E. Cbevreux.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.

Dr. J. Anderson.
P. L. Sclater, Esq.

M. Heron-Royer.
Dr. J. Anderson.

* No number of specimens higher than ten in each bottle is recorded
in this list.

344

APPENDIX.

85-88. Larvae
89-94. cJ,?,&yg.

95. S

96. Yg.
97-104. Larva)
105-106. ? & bgr.

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. J. Anderson.

Algiers
Hammain R'irba,

Prov. Algiers!
Hamniam Meskoutine, iDr. J. Anderson.

Prov. Constantine
Oasis of Old Biskra Di

Algeria
Tunis

F. Werner.
M. He ion- Roy er.
P. L. Sclater, Esq.

1-3. S ?

4-6.

7-12.

13-22.

23.

24-33,

41-42.
43-47.

48.
49-51.
52-55.
56-57.

58.

59.

60.

61.
62-63.
64-67.
68-69.

70.

<?.?,&yg.

Larvae

c?,¥,&bgr.
($. skel.
34-40. <?,?,

&yg-

c?¥

Larvae

Hgr.

(??
<??

?

($, skel.

¥ , skel.

(?

?

<??

c?¥

<??

Seeland
Berlin
Berlin
Magdeburg

Magdeburg

2. Bomhinator igneus, Laur.

Kullen, Cbristianstadfc, Prof. Lilljeborg.

Scania
Seeland, Denmark Prof. C. F. Liitken.

Magdeburg

Ammendorf, near Halle, S

Liegnitz, Silesia.

Prague

Vienna

Vienna

Vienna

Prater, Vienna

St. Andrii-Worden

Laxenburg, Lower

Hofiein, Lower Austria

Holies, Hungary

Cbarkow

Vienna
Austria

Prof. 0. F. Liitken.

G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.

M. Heron-Royer.
M. Heron-Royer.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Prof. A. Fritscb.
Dr. F. Hocbstetter.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Hocbstetter.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. P. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Prof. L. v. Mebely.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

3. Bomhinator pachypus, Bp.
A. Forma typica.

1-2.

c?

Florence

3-4.

c?

Sta. Suzanna, near Rieti,

Umbria

5-7.

?

Arsoli, Rome

8-17.

cf?

Potenza, Basilicata

18-19.

?

Aprigliano, near Cosenza,

Calabria

20-21.

$

Serra San Bruno, Calabria

22-24.

<??

Italy (?)

25.

Ad.,

skel.

Italy (?)

B. Var. brevipes, Blasius.

1-2.

? &

yg-

Elbeuf, Normandy

3.

?

Elbeuf

4-5.

(??

Sartbe

6.

s

Pontlevoy, Loir-et-Cber

Prof. H. H. Giglioli.
Dr. D. Vinciguerra.

Dr. D. Vinciguerra.
Count M. Peracca.
Dr. D. Vinciguerra.

Prof. H. H. Giglioli.

M.Gadeau deKerville.
Dr. Grosclaude.
M. A. Gentil.
M. R. Paratre.

APPENDIX.

345

7-8.

8

9.

Larva

10-13.

Larvae

14-23.

c?,?,&yg.

24-33.

cT,¥.&yg-

34.

3\ skel.

35-43.

Larvae

44-45.

(?■?

46-55.

d\?,&yg.

56-65.

Larvae

66.

?

67-71.

Larvae

72.

Yg.

73.

<?

74.

?

c^

78-80.

(?.?.&yg-

81-88.

c?$

89.

?

90-92.

c??

93-94.

c?¥

95-96.

? & hgr.

97-98.

(J?

99-10h

■(?.?. &yg-

Argenton, Indre

Gironde

France

Near Dinant, Belgium

Mondorf, Luxemburg

Mondorf, Luxemburg

Mondorf, Luxemburg

Basle

Freiburg, Baden

Freiburg, Baden

Frankfort (Main)

Niederfellendorf, Franconia

Hanover

Goslar, Harz

Tiefenort, near Eisenach

L. Starnberg, near Munich

San Romedio, S. Tyrol

Marcellise, Prov. Verona

Hiitteldorf, near Vienna

Grinzing, near Vienna

Schemnitz, Hungary

Trieste

Rijka, Montenegro

Parnassos

M. R. Paratre.
M. F. Lataste.
M. Heron- Roy er.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
Dr. F. Miiller.
G. A. Boiilenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
Prof. O. Boettger.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Dr. J. E. Gray.
Prof. W. Peters.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
M. E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Prof. L. v. Mehely.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. T. Kriiper.

4. Atytes obsteiricans, Laur.
A. Forma typica.

1-3.

Larvae

4-5,6-

7. (J with eggs

8-13.

c?,?,&eggs

14.

?

15-24,25-31. Larvaj

32.

Yg-

33-34.

(??

35.

? , skel.

36-41.

Larvae

42-43.

(J?

44-53.

Larvae

54-55.

<$

56.

c?

57.

(J, skel.

58-60.

Larvae

61-62.

c?

63-66.

Larvae

67.

Larva

Boulogne-sur-Mer

Paris

Paris

Paris

St. Germain-en-Laye, near

Paris
Huelgoat, Finistere
French Jui*a
French Jura
Lac Bleu, near Cauterets,

Pyrenees, 6500 ft.
Near Liege

Maurenne, Prov. Namur
Mondorf, Luxemburg
Bonn
Bonn
Bonn

Hameln, on the Weser
Freiburg, Baden
Ballaigues, Switzerland

Prof. A. Giard.

M. F. Lataste.
M. Heron-Roy er.

G. A. Boulenger.

O. Thomas, Esq.
H. Ling Roth, Esq.
H. Ling Roth, Esq.
Dr. L. Joubin.

G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
Dr. A. Giinther.
Dr. A. Giinther.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
iDr. J. de Bedriaga.

1-2. Larvae
3-6. Larvae

7-8. Larvae

B. Var. boscx, Lataste.

Corunna
Coimbra
Serra Estrella, Portugal

M. V. L. Seoane.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. H. Gadow.

346

APPENDIX.

9-10. <?

11. <?
12-20. cJ,?,&hgr.

21. J, skel.

22-27. Larvae

1-3. <? ?
4-7. Larvae

8. (?

1. s

2-3. <J, skel.
4-5. (J ?
6-12. Larvae
13. rT
14-23', 24-33. Lar

&yg-

Oporto

Yalencia

Valencia

Valencia

Valencia

5. Alytes cisternasii, Bosca.

Merida, Spain
Sierra Morena
Mertola, Portugal

E. Allen, Esq.
Lord Lilford.
M. E. Bosca.
M. E. Bosca.
M. E. Bosca.

M. E. Bosca.
M. E. Bosca.
M. F. A. Moller.

V83

34.
35-39.
40, 41.
42-51.
52-53.
54-55.
56-65.
66-68.

?

<??

Eggs

Larvae
Hgr.

(?
c?¥

6

1-2.
3-4, 5-
7-9.

10.

11.

12.
13-14.
15-16.
17-18.
19-23.
24-33.
34-37,

41, 42.

43.
44-46.
47-48.

49.
50-53.
54-63.
64-65.
66-68.
69-71.
72-75,

<J?

6. c? & yg-

Larvae

? , skel.

<?

<?

c?

Larvae

? & hgr.

<??

Larvae
38-40. <J,?

& hgr.
<??,skel.
Eggs.

<?
c?
Hgr.

Larvae
Larvae

(??
c?¥

(J?

76. <??

6. Peloclytes punctatus, Daud.

Paris

Paris

Paris

Paris

Near St. Malo

Near St. Malo

Nantes

Near Nice

Near Nice

Cimiez, near Nice

France

Oastino, Piedmont

Valencia

Seville

7. Pelobates fuscus, Lanr.

Paris

Paris

Paris

Bondy, near Paris

Drancy, Seine-et-Oise

Nantes (?)

Neudorf, near Basle

Near Basle

Hanover

Halle/S.

Halle/S.

Magdeburg

Magdeburg

Magdeburg

Bei'lin

Breslan

Seeland, Denmark

Seeland

Prague

Prater, Vienna

Floridsdorf, near Vienna

Westerneuburg, near Vienna

Szamos Ujvar, Transylvania

G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
M. Heron-Royer.
M. Heron-Royer.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Paris Museum.
Count M. Peracca.
Lord Lilford.
Prof. Calderon.

M. Heron-Royer.

M. Heron-Royer.

M. R. Paratre.

Dr. F. Miiller.
Dr. F. Miiller.
Dr. J. E. Gray.
HerrW.WolterstorfF.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
HerrW. Wolterstorff.

Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
Prof. C. F. Liitken.
Prof. 0. F. Liitken.
Herr V. Fritsch.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Prof. L. v. Mehely.

APPENDIX.

347

77. (J.skel.

78-81, 82. ^?
83,84. (J, skel.
85-86. <J ?
87. Larva

Szanios Ujvar

Turin

Turin

Milan

Bologna

Prof. L. v. Mehely.
Count M. Peracca.
Count M. Peracca.
Prof. Cornalia.
Prof. J. J. Bianconi.

1.

3

2-3.

c??

4.

£, skel.

5-6.

Larvae

7.

?

8-12.

<?.?.&yg.

13.

c?

14.

Yg.

15.

?

16-17.

Larvae

18-19.

Larvae

8. Pelobates cultrijoes, Cuv.

Nantes

S. France

S. France

Herault

France

Merida, Spain

Seville

Spain

Abrantes, Portugal

Tondella, Portugal

Coimbra

Paris Museum.
M. Heron-Royer.
M. Heron-Royer.
M. Heron-Royer.

M. E. Bosca.
Prof. Calderon.
Lord Lilford.
Dr. H. Gadow.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

1. ?

2-3. S ?

4,5. $

6. ?

7- c?

8. $, skel.

9. ?
10-19. Larvae

20. Eggs & em-

bryos

21. ?, skel.
22,23. ?

24.
25.

26-27.

28-32.

33.
34-36.
37-40.

41.
42-43,

45.
46, 47.
48, 49.
50-51.

52.

53.

54.
55-56.
57-61.

62.

?
?
(??

Larvae
Yg.

Larvae

?
44. ?

?

<J

?

<y

?
?

3

c? & yg

Hgr.

?
?

9. Bufo vulgaris, Laur.

Argyllshire

Edinburgh

Isle of Arran

Devonshire

Chiddingfold, Surrey

Chiddingfold

Spring Grove, Middlesex

Eppmg Forest, Essex

Eppin^

lg Forest

England

Jersey

Jersey

Paris

St. Germain-en-Laye,

Nice

Gerardmer, Yosges

Seeland, Denmark

Seel and

Bozau, Hungary

Corunna

Valencia

Oporto

Gerez, Portugal

Bologna

Sicily

Athens

Algiers

Chaborowka, Ussuri

Seoul, Corea

Chemulpo, Corea

W. Eagle Clarke, Esq.

W. Evans, Esq.

Mus. Leach.

Mus. Leach.

G. A. Boulenger.

G. A. Boulenger.

Mus. Leach.

G. A. Boulenger.

G. A. Boulenger.

G. A. Boulenger.
J. Hornell, Esq.
G. A. Boulenger.
near M. Heron-Royer.
Paris

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
M. A. Dollfus.
Prof. C. F. Liitken.
Prof. C. F. Liitken.
Prof. L. v. Mehely.
M. V. L. Seoane.
Lord Lilford.
E. Allen, Esq.
Dr. L. Vieira.
Prof. J. J. Bianconi.

C. W. Merlin, Esq.
Dr. J. Anderson.
R. . |Dr. J. G. Fischer.
Dr. J. G. Fischer.
C. W. Campbell, Esq.

348

APPENDIX.

63.
64-67.

68.
69, 70.
71-72.

73.

74,75

79-82

83-86.

87

88

Hgr.

s

? &
? &
?

-76,

hgr,

bsrr.

77-78
Hgr. & yg.

(?.?.& hgr.

(?

(?

89. <J

Gensan, Corea

C li efoo

Chefoo

Shanghai

Ichang

Moh-si-Min, Prov. Sze

Chuen, 1700 ft
Chusan
Chusan
Japan
Japan
Kobe, Japan

Dagoshima, Japan

J. H. Leach, Esq.
R. Swinhoe, Esq.
Miss Reid.
R. Swinhoe, Esq.
A. E. Pratt. Esq.
A. E. Pratt, Esq.

Dr. Cantor.

Ley den Museum.
Sir A. Smith.
Challenger

Expedition.
Dr. J. Anderson.

1.

o

3.

4-13.

14.

15.

16.

17-21.

22-24.

' 25.

26.

27.

28-31.

32, 33-

35-37.

38-42.
43-45.
46-47.
48-53.

54.
55-56.
57-58.
59-60.

61.
62-63.

64-68.

69.
70-72.

73.

74.

75.

76.
77-79.

80.

81.

Eggs

?

Larvae

Larva

cf, skel.
Larvae

c??
Hgr.

¥

<??

■34. ? & yg
(albinos)

Larvae

Larvae
Larvae

?

<?¥

Larvae

c? & yg-

Yg.

<??

c?,?,&bgr.

?

c?¥
Hgr.

?
Yg-

s
(??

?
?

10. J?w/o viridis, Laur.

Magdeburg

Magdeburg

Berlin

Breslau

Bonn

Frankfort (Main)

Frankfort (Main)

Feldmoching, near Munich

Germany

Island of Sprogo. Denmaik

Szamos Ujvar, Hungary

Baleares

Ibiza, Baleares

Turin

Turin

Turin

Verona

Pizzo, Calabi'ia

Ischia

Corte, Corsica

Italy

Italy

Korito, Herzegovina, 3300 ft.

Capljina, Herzegovina

Athens

Salonica

Pera, Constantinople

Crete

Moscow

Tedschen, near Merv

Crimea

Kirghiz Steppes

Xanthus, Asia Minor

Cilician Taurus

Albistan, Cilician Taurus

HerrW. Wolterstorff.
HerrW. Wolterstorff.
G. A. Boulenger.
Prof. G. Born.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.

Prof. C. F. Liitken.
Prof. L. v. Mehely.
G. A. Boulenger.
Prof. E. Bosca.
Prof. Bonelli.

Count M. Peracca.
Prof. L. Camerano.
M. E. de Betta.
Prof. H. H. Giglioli.
Prof. C. F. Liitken.
Prof. H. H. Giglioli.
M. Heron-Royer.
M. Heron-Royer.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.

A. Smith Woodward,

Esq.
J. Southgate, Esq.
Dr. E. D. Dickson.
Baron v. Maltzan.
Moscow University.
Warsaw Museum.

B. L. Hawkins, Esq.
Moscow University.
Sir C. Fellows.

C. G. Danford, Esq.
C. G. Danford, Esq.

APPENDIX.

349

82.

83-85.

8(5.

87.

88.

89.

90-92.

93.

94-96.

97, 98.

99.

100.

101.

102-103.

104.

105-106.

107-116.

117-118.

119-123.

124-125.

126-135.

Her.

? & hgr.

?
S
?

3

?

Yg.

c? & yg-

Hgr.

Yg.

S

<??
Hgr.

<J
Larvae

(??
#¥

?

c?&yg-

Cyprus

Cyprus

Damascus

Berket Atacb, Syria

Mount Carmel

Jericho

Dead Sea

Sinaitic Peninsula

Midian, Arabia

Euphrates

Kurdistan

Near Resht, N. Persia

Bu shire

Near Bam, S.E. Persia

Between Quetta and Nushki Dr. J. Aitchison.

Bala Morgbab, Afghanistan Dr. J. Aitchison

Do Shak, Afghanistan Dr. J. Aitchison

Lepsa, Ala Tau

R. Hi

Kasbgar

Balti, Tibet

Lord Lilford.
Herr H. Rolle.
Dr. J. Anderson.
Dr. T. Barrois.
Canon Tristram.
Dr. J. Anderson.
Canon Tristram.
H. C. Hart, Esq.
Sir R. Burton.
Captain Chesney.

W. T. Bianford, Esq.
Mr. J. A. Murray.
W. T. Bianford, Esq.

136. Yg.
137-140. Yg.

141. Yg.
142-143. S ?

144. ?

145. c?
146-152. #, ?, &

hgr.

153. $

154. ?

155. a

156. S
157-159. Hgr.

Dr. O. Finsch.
Rev. H. Lansdell.
Rev. H. Lansdell.
Messrs. v. Schlag-

intweit.
T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
SenckenbergMuseum.

Tibet

Casablanca, Morocco

Between Oran and Tlemsen Dr. J. Anderson

Oran |Dr. J. de Bedriaga

El Mrayer, Algerian Sahara Dr. F. Werner.

Algeria
Tripoli

Alexandria

Ramleh, near Alexandria

Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Canon Tristram.

M. Heron -Royer,
Dr. J. Anderson.
Vienna Museum.
J. Burton, Esq.
M. Lefebvre.

11. Bvfo calamita, Laur.

Wallasey, Cheshire

1-2,3-6. c?,$, yg..|Southport, Lancashire

&eggs
7-9, 10-19. Yg. &

larvae
Hgr.

<??

Hgr.
S

20-22.
23-24.
25-26.

28-29.

30.
81.

32-39.

40.

41-50.

51-52.

53. ?

? , skel.

?

c?,?,&bgv
(J, skel.
Larvae

(J?

E. Norfolk
Cambridgeshire
Blackbeatb, near London
Co. Kerry, Ireland
Castlemaine Harbour,

co. Keny
Castlemaine Harbour
Calais

Near St. Malo
Near St. Malo
Near St. Malo
Paris
Ostend

Warrington Museum.
Warrington Museum.
P. H. Emerson, Esq.

Dr. Purcell.

W. R. Robinson, Esq.

W. R. Robinson, Esq.
Dr. W. Leach.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
M. Heron-Royer.
G. A. Boulenger.

53 u

APPENDIX.

54-63.

c?,¥.&yg.

Heyst-s.-M., Belgium

G. A. Boulenger.

64-65.

C?.?

Mesuil-St. -Blaise,

Prov. Namur, Belgium

G. A. Boulenger.

6G.

Eggs

Mesnil-St.-Blaise

G. A. Boulenger.

67-69.

<??

Mondorf, Luxemburg

G. A. Boulenger.

70-71.

Yg-

Hamburg

Dr. Trieke.

72-73.

(J

Brunswick

Dr. Heller.

74-75.

Hgv. & yg.

Seeland, Denmark

Prof. C. F. Liitken.

76.

(?

Corunna

M. V. L. Seoane.

77.

<?

Madrid

Lord Lilford.

78-82.

<?,¥,'&yg.

Seville

Prof. Calderon.

83.

c?

Oporto

E. Allen, Esq.

84.

?

Minas de S. Domingo,

Alemtejo

Dr. H. Gadow.

85-89.

Larvae

Mertola, Portugal

Dr. J. de Bedriaga

12. Hyla arborea, L.
A. Forma typica.

1.

s

Near St. Malo

G. A. Boulenger.

2-11,

12-21. Larvas

Near St. Malo

G. A. Boulenger.

22-23

& yg.

Mesnil-St.-Blaise,

Prov. Namur, Belgium

G. A. Boulenger.

24-25.

S

Hamburg

Dr. Trieke.

26.

<?

Harz

27.

Eggs

Magdeburg

Herr W. Wolterstorff.

28.

cJ, skel.

Munich

Dr. L. Will.

29.

?

Island of Bornholm, Baltic

Prof. C. F. Liitken.

30.

? , skel.

Near Vienna

Dr. F. Werner.

31.

<y

Pressburg, Hungary

Prof. L. v. Mehely.

32.

?

Transylvania

C. G. Danford &

J. A. H. Brown, Esqs

33.

Hgr.

Charkow

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

34.

?

Corunna

M. V. L. Seoane.

35.

<3

Victoi - ia Alaba, Spain

Lord Lilford.

36.

c?

Ciudad Real

M. E. Bosca.

37.

?

Coimbra

Mr. F. A. Moller.

38.

?

Ravenna

M. R. Paratre.

39.

c?

Ferrieare, Apennines

Prof. G. B. Howes.

40.

Hgr.

Guezama, Italy

Sir W. C. Trevelyan.

41-42.

C?¥

Serra S. Bruno, Calabria

Prof. H. H. Giglioli.

43.

(?

Zante, Ionian Islands

Dr. F. Werner.

44-46.

?

Crete

Baron v. Maltzan.

47.

?

Giaour Dagb, Asia Minor
b. Yar. savignyi, And.

C. G. Danford, Esq.

1.

(J

Elba

SirW. C. Trevelyan.

2-3.

? &yg-

Sassari, Sardinia

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

4.

?

Asia Minor

Haslar Collection.

5.

?

Cyprus

Lord Lilford.

6-9.

c??

Cyprus

Herr H. Rolle.

10-11.

(??

Lake Bamas, Syria

Prof. T. Barrois.

APPENDIX.

12-13.

Yg. &. larva

Ain-el-Mousaich, Syria

14.

?

Lake of Galilee

15-17.

(?¥

Wady-el-Kurm

18-19.

<??

Dead Sea

20-29.

c?¥

Euphrates

30.

<^, skel.

Euphrates

31-32.

Hgr.

Near Resht, N. Persia

33.

?

Fao, Persian Gulf

34.

$

Kazerun, S. Persia

35.

Yg-

Seoul, Corea

36-37.

? & yg-

Gensan, Corea

38.

Hgr.

Hainan

39.

<?

Ichang

40-42.

? & hgr.

Japan

43-45.

? & yg-

Japan

46-47.

c?¥

Kobe, Japan

48.

?

Kiga, Japan

49.

?

Daibutz, Japan

50.

Yg.

Osen Mountain, Shiinabara

51-52.

¥ and yg.

Tsu Shima

351

Prof. T. Barrois.
H. W. Beddome, Esq.
Canon Tristram.
Canon Tristram.

W. T. Blanford, Esq.
W. D. Cumming, Esq.

S. Butcher, Esq.
C. W. Campbell, Esq.
J. H. Leech, Esq.
R. Swinhoe, Esq.
A. E. Pratt, Esq.
Leyden Museum.
J. H. Leech, Esq.
Challenger

Expedition.
Dr. J. Anderson.
Dr. J. Anderson.
Mr. Hoist.
Mr. Hoist.

1. ?

2. $

c. Var. intermedia, Blgr.

Bologna
Palermo

I Prof. J. J. Bianconi.
IProf. O. Boettger.

D. Var. mericlionalis, Bttgr.

1-3.

<?¥

Gironde

4-13.

Yg. & larvae

Near Nice

14.

Eggs

Near Nice

15-16.

c?¥

Cannes

17-19,

20-21. <J ?

S. France

22.

s

Cabeza del Buzy, Spain

23-28.

c?¥

Seville

29.

S

Seville

30-32.

Hgr.

Minas de S. Domingo,

Alemtejo

66.

s

Pegli, near Genoa

34.

6

Bologna

35-40.

c?¥

Tangier

41-42.

3%

Hammam Meskoutine,

Algeria

43.

<$, skel.

Hammam Meskoutine

44-46.

(J

Tunis

47, 48-

-49. ? & hgr.

Madeira

50-51.

s

Teneriffe

52-54.

J?

Canary Islands

M. F. Lataste.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
A. Gepp, Esq.
M. Heron-Royer.
M. E. Bosca.
Prof. Calderon.
Dr. H. Gadow.
Dr. H. Gadow.

Prof. Poulton.
Prof. J. J. Bianconi.
M. H. Vaucher.
Dr. J. Anderson.

Dr. J. Anderson.
P. L. Sclater, Esq.
( P. B. Webb, Esq.
R. MacAndrew, Esq.
I P. B. Webb, Esq.

352

APPENDIX.

1-10. J, ?,hgr. 3

&yg-

11-14 S ?
15-19. Larvae
. 20-25. <J,?,&hgr.
26-27. <$ ?
28-31. c?$
32-34. S ?
35-43. S, ? , hgr.,

& yg-

44-46. <?,?,& hgr.
47-50. Hgr. & yg.

51. S

52. ?

53. <-?

54-63, 64-73. <?,?,
hgr., & yg.
74-75. S ?

76. ? , skel.
77-82. g ?
83-85. Yg.
86-89. c? ?
90-95. ^ ?
96-105. Larvae
106-109. S ?

110. ?

111. ?

112. ?
113-114. Hgr. & yg.

115. Hgr.
116-120. <?,?,&yg.
121-122. Yg.
123-124. S & yg-
125-126. ? &yg.

127. S

128. Hgr.
129-130. $ ?
131-132. Yg.

133. $
134-143. (J,?, hgr.,

&yg-

144-145. <J $
146-147. <J ?

14S. ?

149-152. (J ?

153-155. (J ?

156. ?

13. Rana esculenta, L.
a. Var. ridibunda, Pall.
Europe.
Cadillac, Gironde

Oorunna

Coimbra

Serra de Gerez

Upper Douro,Tras os Montes

Oporto

Serra Estrella

Alemtejo

Cintra

Algarve

Seville

Seville

S. Spain

Berlin

Berlin

Berlin

Salziger See, near Halle/S.

Magdeburg

Warsaw

Prague

Prague

Laaerberg, near Vienna

Koros-Ladany, Hungary

Hungary

Hungary

Travnik, Bosnia

Breka, Bosnia

Capljina, Herzegovina

Zara, Dalmatia

Budua, S. Dalmatia

Rijka, Montenegro

Santa Maura, Ionian Islands

Olenos, Peloponnesus

Athens

L. Stymphalos, N. Morea

Crete

European shore of the

Bosphorns
Astrachan
Daghestan, Caucasus

Asia.

Kirghiz Steppes
Ielenowka, L. Gokcha
Elisabethpol
Lenkoran

M. F. Lataste.

M. V. L. Seoane.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. H. Gadow.
Dr. H. Gadow.
Dr. H. Gadow.
Dr. H. Gadow.
Dr. H. Gadow.

Dr. H. Gadow.
Dr. H. Gadow.
M. V. L. Seoane.
Prof. Calderon.
M. F. Lataste.
G. A. Bou lender.

M. Heron-Royer.
G. A. Boulenger.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Prof. Wrzeniowski.
Herr V. Fritsch.
Herr V. Fritsch.
Dr. F. Werner.
Prof. L. v. Mehely.
Lord A. Russell.

Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Herr Trebitzky.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
J. Norman Douglass,
Esq.
Baron v. Maltzan.
Dr. E. D. Dickson.

St. Petersburg Mus.
Moscow University.

Moscow University.
St. Petersburg Mus.
St. Petersburg Mus.
St. Petersburg Mus.

APPENDIX.

353

157-158.

?

159-162.

Yg.

163-164.

?

165-166.

Yg.

167-170.

? &yg-

171-177.

c?.¥,&yg-

178-179.

<? & *>gr.

180.

Larva

181-182.

<?¥

183.

Hgr.

184.

?

1 85-194.

(?.?,&yg-

195-200.

c??

201.

?

202.

Yg.

203-208.

(??

209-210.

c?¥

211.

?

21 2.

(?

213-214.

?

215-216.

c?¥

217.

?

218.

?

219-220.

t?

221.

c?

222-223.

c?¥

224.

(?

225-226.

? & her.

Suchum Kale, Transcaucasia
L. Abran, near Suchum Kale
Kubatlu, Karabagh
Nukus, Amu Daria
Chinas, Turkestan
Guermab, S.W. of Ashkabad
Turbat, Afghanistan
Between Quetta and Nushki
Near Sarawan, Baluchistan
Bussorah
Shiraz

Fao, Persian Gulf
Kazerun, Persia
Mesopotamia

Albistan, Cilician Taurus
Fener-bahtchi, Asiatic side

of Sea of Marmora
Smyrna
Cyprus
Damascus
Damascus

Beit-Jenn, near Damascus
Birket Atneh, Damascus
Sea of Galilee
Plains of Phoenicia
Merom
Dead Sea
Jericho
Sinaitic Peninsula

St. Petersburg Mus.
St. Petersburg Mus.
Senckenberg Mus.
St. Petersburg Mus.
St. Petersburg Mus.
Warsaw Mus.
Dr. Aitchison.
Dr. Aitchison.
G. E. Mason, Esq.
W. J. Blanford, Esq.
W. J. Blanford, Esq.
W. D. Camming, Esq.
S. Butcher, Esq.
Euphrates

Expedition.
C. G. Danford, Esq.
Dr. E. D. Dickson.

Lord Lilford.
Dr. J. Anderson.
Dr. T. Barrois.
Dr. T. Barrois.
Dr. T. Barrois.
Canon Tristram.
Canon Tristram.
Canon Tristram.
Canon Tristram.
Dr. J. Anderson.
H. C. Hart, Esq.

Africa.

227.

(J

Alexandria

228-229.

?

Tunis

230.

Yg.

Susa, Tunisia

2S1-240.

c?.¥,&yg-

Constantine

241-244.

S & yg-

Hammam R'irha, Algeria

245-247.

?

Biskra

248-251.

Larvae

Algeria

252-256.

?

Tangier

257-258.

Yg.

Casablanca, Morocco

259-265

c?¥

Madeira

266-267.

? &yg-

Madeira, 4500-5000 ft.

268-271. cJ,¥,&yg. Azores

M. Heion-Royer.
Mr. Fraser.
Mr. Fraser.
P. L. Sclater, Esq.
Dr. J. Anderson.
Dr. J. Anderson.
M. Heron-Roy er.
M. H. Vaucher.
Senckenberg Mus.
Prof. C. F. Liitken.
Hon. C. Baring and
W. R. Ogilvie Grant,
Esq.
F. D. Godman, Esq.

B. Forma typica.

1, 2. $ Foulden, Norfolk

(introduced)
3-10, 11-12. (J, ? , Near St. Malo

& hgr.
13-22. Larvse Near St. Malo

Lord Amherst of

Hackney
G. A. Boulenger.

G. A. Boulenger.

A A

354

APPENDIX.

23-24

25

26-27

28-37

38-44

10.

46-48.
49.

S ? Paris

$ , skel. Paris

j" 5 Argenton, Indre

S, ? , &yg. Heyst-s.-M., Belgium

^, $ , hgr., & Brussels

yg-

Anseremrue, Prov. Namur,
Belgium
Hgr. Mondorf, Luxemburg

? Baden

50-59. Larvae

60. ?
61-68. <J ?
69-73. c? ?
74-78. <J?
79. Yg.
SO-86, 87-90, 91-95,
96-98. <?,?,
hgr., & yg.
99-102. <J ?
103-107. c? ?
108-113. J ?
114-115. Hgr.
116-118, 119. cJ?
120. <J, skel.
121-122. ^ ?
123-124. ? &yg.
125-126. <$ ?

127. ?
128-133. c?,?,&yg.
134-136. <J ?
137-139. ?
140-142,143-144.^,

? , & yg-

145-146. Larvae
147-153. <?,?,bgr.,

&yg-

154-155. $

156-159. <J ?

160-162. <??

163. ?

164. c?

Freiburg, Baden

L. Starnberg, near Municb

Basle

Zofingen, Aargau

Mount Saleve, near Geneva

Hanover

Berlin

Copenhagen

Lolland

Warsaw

Moscow

Prater, Vienna

Prater

Neusiedl L., Hungary

Nice

Mouth of R. Var

Verona

Rivoli, Prov. Verona

Calcinaro, Prov. Verona

Mestre, Prov. Venice

Bologna

Bologna
Florence

Pisa
Naples
Corsica
Corsica
Corte, Corsica

G. A. Boulenger.

M. R. Paratre.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.

G. A. Boulenger.

G. A. Boulenger.
J. Norman Douglass,
Esq.
G. A. Boulenger.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Dr. F. Miiller.
Dr. F. Miiller.
Dr. F. Miiller.
Dr. J. E. Gray.
G. A. Boulenger.

Prof. C. F. Liitken.
Prof. C. F. Liitken.
Prof. Wrzeniowski.
Moscow University.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
M. E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
Prof. J. J. Bianconi.

Prof. J. J. Bianconi.
Prof. H. H. Giglioli.

Prof. H. H. Giglioli.
Dr. F. S. Monticelli.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
M. A. Dollfus.
Prof. H. H. Giglioli.

c. Var. lessonse, Camer.

Foulmire Fen,

Cambridgeshire
7-12,13. c?,? ,bgr., Stow Bedon, Norfolk

&y..

Stow Bedon
Berchem-St.-Agathe,

near Brussels
Mesnil-St.-Blaise,

Prov. Namur, Belgium

1-3, 4-6. c?,?, hgr.,

&y

14-18. Yg
19-20. cf?

21-23. <J?

W. Tarrell, Esq.

Lord Walsingbam.

G. E. Mason, Esq.
G. A. Boulenger.

G. A. Boulenger.

APPENDIX.

355

24. g, skel. :Mesnil-St.-Blaise

25-28. J ? iHilden, near Dusseldorf

29-32. tf, ? , & hgr. Offenbach

33. ? Crollwitz, near Halle

34. $ Szamos-Ujvar, Hungary
35-43. <£, ?, ligr., Piedmont

& yg.

44. $ , skel. Piedmont

45. ? Malta (?)

G. A. Boulenger.
W. F. Kirby, Esq.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Prof. L. v. Mehely.
Prof. L. Camerano.

Prof. L. Camerano.
Zoological Society.

1-2. Hgr.

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6-S, 9-10. (J$
11-17. c?,?,& y g.

18. ?

19. S

20. <J

21-28. <J, ?, hgr..

' &yg-

29. $
30-35, 36-3S, 39-40.
cJ, ? , hgr., & yg.

41. Hgr.

42. Yg.

43. ?
44-45. ? & hgr.

46-47, 48. (?,?,&

yg.
49-51. Yg.

1,2-4. (?,?,&yg.

5. ? , skel.

6. Yg.

7,8-10. (J, ?,&bgr.
H-12. (J?
13-14,15. <J?
16-19. Larvae
20-29. c?,?,hgr.,&

30-39. £?,*?,& yg.

40-49. Larvae

50. J, skel.

51. (?
52-53. Yg.
54-63. Larvae
64-66, 67-70. <J, ? .

&yg.

D. Var. chinensis, Osb.

S. slope of Khingham

Mountains, E. Mongolia
Broughton Bay, Corea
Gensan, Corea
Japan
Japan

Central Japan
Yokohama
Hakone Lake, Japan
Great Loo Choo
Chef oo

Chefoo
Shanghai

Ketau Pt., Che Kiang
Bang Chau, Che Kiang
Chusan
Mountains north of

Kiu Kiang
Ningpo

Bangkok, Siam

14. Rana arvalls, Nilss.

Sweden

Upsala

Guteborg

Hval Oerne, S. Norway

Seeland, Denmark

Copenhagen

Copenhagen

Berlin

Breslau

Breslau

Breslau

Schkenditz, near Leipzig

Halle/S.

Halle/S.

Magdeburg

G. E. Mason, Esq.

G. E. Mason, Esq.
J. H. Leech, Esq.
J. H. Leech, Esq.
Leyden Museum.
Dr. J. Anderson.
Dr. J. Anderson.
Dr. J. Anderson.
G. E. Mason, Esq.
R. Swinhoe, Esq.

Miss Reid.

R. Swinhoe, Esq.

J. J. Walker, Esq.
J. J. Walker, Esq.

A. E. Pratt, Esq.

R. Swinhoe, Esq.

JG. E. Mason, Esq.

Prof. Sundevall.
G. A. Boulenger.
Dr. A. W. Malm.
Prof. R. Collett.
Prof. C. P. Lutken.
M. Heron-Royer.
M. Heron-Royer.
G. A. Boulenger.

Prof. G. Born.
Prof. G. Born.
G. A. Boulenger.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.

356

APPENDIX,

71.

c?

72.

?

73-

-74.

? &y

or.

75-

-76.

c?

77-81, 82-86.

(?.•?

hgr.

&yg-

87-

-88.

c??

89

-94.

(??

95.

c?

96

-97.

c??

Osterburg

Hanover

N. Germany Dr

Neudorf, near Basle, Alsace Dr

Marchfeld, Lower Austria

Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Dr. J. E. Gray.

J. E. Gray.

F. Miiller.

F. Werner.

Dr.

Prof. L. v. Mehely.

Gyor, Raab, Hungary

Szamos-Ujvar, Transylvania Prof. L. v. Mehely
Karlovac, Sclavonia Herr V. Fritseh.

Nijni-Novgorod, Oural Dr. J

de Bedriaga.

15. Rana camerani, Blgr.

1. ?

2- S

3. S

4-5. Yg.

6-9. cJ,hgr.,&yg.

10. ? , skel.

11. Tg.
12-17. Hgr. & yg.

Dr. G. Radde.
|Dr. G. Radde.
Senckenberg Mus.

Senckenberg Mus.

Kurush, Dagbestan, 8000 ft
L. Talizburi, 8000 it.
Gilli, L. Gokcba
Central Karabagb Mts.,

E. Armenia
Kasikoporan, W. Armenia, Dr. G. Radde.

6500 ft.
Kasikoporan Dr. G. Radde.

Albistan, Cilician Taurus C. G. Dan ford, Esq.
Maidan Goel, Cilician Herr Martin Holtz.

Taurus, 8000 ft.

1-3.
4.

5.
6-9.

?

io. S

11.

12-19.
20-21.
22-23.
21-30.
31, 32.
33-12.

43.
44, 45.
46-51.
52-53.

54.
55-56.

57.

58.

59.
60-61.
62-66.

c?,?,&yg

?

(??

Eggs
Larvae

?

S ? . skel.

S & yg-

?
S

s

?

(??

Larvae

16. Rana temporaria, L.

Cannisbay, Caitliuess
Kinlocbewe, Ross. shire

Skye

Glen Avon, Banffshire

Dunphail, Moray

Auchimblae,Kincardineshire

Scotland

E. Norfolk

Hampton, Middlesex

Near London

London

INear London

Exeter

England

Glengariff, co. Kerry

W. Kerry

Killarney

Dundrum, co. Dublin

Matsjok, Tana, E. Finmark

Tromso Dal, Norway

Dovre Mountains, Norway

Seeland, Denmark

Seeland

Dr. J. Anderson.
W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq.
H. R. Leach, Esq.
W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq.
W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq.
Prof. P. J. White.

P. H. Emerson, Esq.
Mr. E. Dodson.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
Museum Leach.

Dr. R. Scharff.
Capt. Combie.
Rev. E. Eaton.
Dr. R. Scharff.
Prof. R. Collett.
H. N. Ridley, Esq.
Prof. R. Collett.
Prof. C. F. Liitken.
Prof. C. F. Liitken.

APPENDIX.

357

67-70.

c??

Near St. Malo

71-75.

<??

Winiereux, near Boulogne

76-77.

(?¥

Paris

78-83.

hgr.
Larvae

Heyst-s.-M., Belgium

84-90.

Anseretnme, Prov. Namnr,

Belgium

91-94.

c?¥

Mondorf, Luxemburg

95.

?

Altenabr

96.

S

Oassel

97-104.

c?,?,bgr.,

&yg-

Hanover

105-106.

?

Breitnau, Baden, 3265 ft.

107-111.

Larvae

Breitnau

112-115.

Hgr.

Breslau

116-122.

c?¥

Prague

123.

?

Tonios Valley, Hungary

124-125,

126-130.

Corunna, Spain

131.

<?

Bernina, Alps, 8600 ft.

132-134.

c?¥

Alps, near Nice

135-137.

<??

Cuneo, Piedmont

138-139.

(??

Ossola, Piedmont

140-146.

Larvae

Rossassa, Alpes de Biella,

3100 ft.

147-156,

157-160.
Larvae

Ceresole Reale, 5600 ft.

161-170.

Larvae

Alpe la Vecchia, Biellese,

7000 ft.

171-172

cJ

Mount Pelsa,Bellunine Alps,

8600 ft.

173.

cJ

Mount Ducan, Bellunine

_ Alps, 5300 ft.

174-175.

?

Monte Lessini, Prov. Verona

176-183.

c?.?.&yg-

Fondo and Tret, S. Tyrol

184.

?

St. Petersburg

185-192.

c?.?,&yg.

Moscow

193.

Hgr.

Novgorod

194-196.

cT?

Ilisk, E. Turkestan

197.

Hgr.

Kuku-Nor, Mongolia

198.

6

Abrek Bay,nearVladivostok,
Manchuria

199-203.

? &yg-

Yesso, Japan

G. A. Boulenger.
Prof. A. Giard.
M. Heron- Roy er.
G. A. Boulenger.

G. A. Boulenger.

G. A. Boulenger.
W. F. Kirby, Esq.
G. O. Norman, Esq.
Dr. J. E. Gray.

G. A. Boulenger.
G. A. Boulenger.
Prof. G. Born.
Prof. A. Fritsch.
Prof. L. v. Mebely.
M. V. L. Seoane.

M. A. DolK'us.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Count M. Peracca.
Prof. L. Canierano.
Prof. L. Canierano.

Prof. L. Canierano.

Prof. L. Canierano.

M. E. de Betta.

M. E. de Betta.

M. E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
St. Petersburg Mus.
Moscow University.
St. Petersburg Mus.
Rev. H. Lansdell.
St. Petersburg Mus.
Dr. Dybowsky.

Dr. J. Anderson

1-2, 3-

-6. <??

7.

<$, skel.

8-11,

12-15. tf

16.

$ , skel.

17.

c?

18.

Yg.

19.

Hgr.

20-29.

Larvae &

17. Bana grseca, Blgr.

Monte Morello, near Florence

Monte Morello

Siena, 2600 ft.

Siena

Tajce, Bosnia

Rijka, Montenegro

Olenos, Peloponnesus

Parnasso8, 3000 ft.

Count M. Peracca.
Count M. Peracca.
Count M. Peracca.
Count M Peracca.
Prof. E. Brandis.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. T. Kriiper.

358

APPENDIX.

30. Hgr.
31-36. s & yg-

Parnassos Dr. J. de Bedviaga.

Hills above Kliinenti, J. Norman Douglass,

N. Morea! Esq.

18. Rana iberica, Blgr.

1-3,4^11. <?,? ,&yg.

Serra de Gerez

12-13. <$ 2

Coimbra

14. ? , skel.

Ooimbra

15-17. tf,?,&yg.

Coimbra

18-19. Larvas

Coimbia

20. Yg.

Murca, Tras os Montes

21-22. Larvae

Portugal

Dr. H. Gadow.

Dr. H. Gadow.

Dr. H. Gadow.

M. F. A. Mollei

Dr

Dr. H. Gadow.

M. Heron-Royer.

J. de Bedriaga.

1-8, 9.

(??

10.

? , skel.

11.

Eggs

12-13.

$%

14-15.

8

16-18.

*g.

19.

?

20-24.

<J?

25.

?

26-28.

? & hgr.

29-30.

<??

31-35.

c?,?,&yg

36.

<$, skel.

37-38.

<??

39.

? , skel.

40-41.

(J

42.

Larva

19. Rana latastii, Blgr.

Turin

Turin

Turin

Novara, Piedmont

Varese, Lombardy

Bertonico, near Lodi,

Lombardy
Padua

Calcinaro, Prov. Verona
Monte Lessini, Prov. Verona
Venice
Treviso

Castelfranco, Prov. Treviso
Castelfranco
Cordovado, Prov. Udine
Cordovado
Florence
Italy

Count M. Peracca.
Count M. Peracca.
Count M. Peracca.
Prof. L. Camerano.
Prof. L. Camerano.
M. E. de Betta.

M. E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
Prof. L. Camerano.
M. E. de Betta.
M.E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
Prof. H. H. Giglioli.
M. Heron-Royer.

20. Rana agilis, Thorn.

1.

2.

3-12.

13-22.
23.

24-25.
26, 27.
28-29,
32-33.

34.
35-37.

38.
39-41.

42.

£ Jersey

£ Jersey

5, ?, hgr., & Near St. Malo

Larvae

s

c? ? , skel.
30-31. S ?
Larvae

(J

s
<??

6

Near St. Malo

Elbeuf, Normandy

Paris

Paris

Bondy, near Paris

Near Paris

Kundraditz, near Prague

Galitzin Berg, Vienna

Prinzing, near Vienna

Hiitteldorf, near Vienna

Oroszveg, Comm. Bereg,

Hungary

L. Greening, Esq.
J. Hornell, Esq.
G. A. Boulenger.

G. A. Boulenger.
Dr. Grosclaude.
M. F. Lataste.
G. A. Boulenger.
M. Heron-Royer.
M. Heron-Royer.
Herr W. Wolterstorff.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Prof. L. v. Mehely.

APPENDIX.

43-46.

c??

Turin

47.

Eggs

Turin

48-49.

? &y

Padua

50-51,

52-56.

(??

Marcellise, Prov. Verona

57-58.

c??

Bologna

59-61.

s

Florence

62.

Hgr.

Spalato, Dalmatia

63.

Yg.

Budua, S. Dalmatia

64.

<?

Travnik, Bosnia

65-66.

Hgr.

Lenkoran, Transcaucasia

359

Count M. Peracca.
Count M. Peracca.
M. E. de Betta.
M. E. de Betta.
Prof. J. J. Bianconi.
Count M. Peracca.
M. E. de Betta.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. F. Werner.
Herr H. Leder.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

This list does uot aim at anything like a complete bibliography. I have
merely given references to works or papers to which I bave had occasion to
refer in preparing this account of the European Batrachians, which have been
alluded to iu the Introduction, or which may prove of use to the reader desirous
of making himself more fully acquainted with the subject. Modern contribu-
tions, therefore, predominate in this selection ; only standard works among
those of older date have found a place in this index.

Works of purely systematic scope, or descriptive of isolated genera and species,
are left out as being sufficiently referred to in the Synonymies heading the
account of every species.

I. General, Anatomical, and Physiological.

Adolphi, H. Ueber Variationen der Spinalnerven und der Wirbel-
saule anurer Aniphibien. Morphol. Jahrb., xix, 1892, pp. 313 — 375,
pi. xii ; xxii, 1895, pp. 449 — 490, pi. xix ; and xxv, 1896, pp. 115 —
142, pi. viii.

Barfurth, D. Experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber die Verwand-
lung der Froschlarven. Biol. Centralbl., vi, 1886, pp. 609 — 613.

Versuche liber die Verwandlung der Froschlarven. Anat. Anz., i,

1886, pp. 314-317.

Sind die Extreniitaten der Frosche regenerationsfabig ? Arch.

Eutwickelungsniech., i, 1895, pp. 117 — 123, pi. vi.

Bataillon, E. Recherohes anatomiques et experimentales sur la
Metamorphose des Ainphibiens anoures. Ann. Univ. Lyon, ii,
1891, pp. 1—128, pis. i— vi.

Bayer, F. Ueber das Skelett der Pelobatiden. Abb. Bohm. Ges., xii,
1884, pp. 1—24.

Bergfeldt, A. Ohordascbeiden und Hypochorda bei Alytes obstet-
ricans. Anat. Hefte, vii, 1896, pp. 53 — 102, 3 pis.

Bert, P. Venin cutaue de la Grenouille. CR. Soc. Biol. (8), ii, 1885,
p. 524.

Bertacchini, P. Ricercbe biologiche sulla spermatogenesi nel
Gruppo degli Aniibi anuri. Intern. Journ. Anat., xiii, 1886, pp.409
— 446. pis. xxi & xxii.

Bidder, F. H. Veigleichend-aruitomische und bistologiscbe Unter-
suchungen iiber die mannlichen Gescblechts- und Harnwerkzeuge
der nackten Ampbibien. Dorpat, 1846, 4to, 75 pp., 3 pis.

362 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Born, G. Die sechste Zehe der Anuren. Morpliol. Jabrb., i, 1875,

pp. 435—452, pi. xiv.
Ueber die Nasenhohlen und den Thranennasengang der Am-

pbibien. Morpbol. Jabrb., ii, 1876, pp. 577—646, pis. xxxix — xli.
Ueber das Skelett des Tarsenhockers von Rana fusca und R. arvalis.

Sitzb. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Kult., 1879, pp. 232—234.
Nachtrage zu Carpus und Tarsus. Morpbol. Jabrb., vi, 1880,

pp. 49—78.
Experimentelle Untersucbungen iiber die Entstebung der Ge-

scblecbtsunterscbiede. Breslauer arztliche Zeitscbr., 1882, No. 14.

Beitrage zur Bastardirung zwiscben den einbeimiscben Anuren-

arten. Arcb. f. ges. Physiol., xxxii, 1883, pp. 453 — 518.

Weitere Beitrage zur Bastardirung zwischen den einbeimiscben

Anuren. Arcb. ruikr. Anat., xxvii, 1886, pp. 192 — 271, pis. x — xii.
Ueber Verwacbsungsversucbe niit Amphibienlarven. Arch. f.

Entwickelungsmecb., iv, 1896, pp. 349—465, 517—523, pis. xvi—

xxvi.
Boulenger, G. A. Quelques observations relatives a la forme de la

pupille et a la coloration de l'iris chez certains Batraciens. Bull.

Soc. Zool. France, 1879, pp. 129—131.
Sur les brosses copulatrices de Pelodytes punctatus. Op. cit., 1881,

pp. 73 & 74, fig.
Catalogue of the Batracbia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the Collection

of the British Museum. London, 1882, 8vo, xvi, 503 pp., 30 pis.
Note sur la position de l'orifice anal chez les tetards des Batra-
ciens d'Europe. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1886, p. 319.
On the pi*esence of pterygoid teeth in a Tailless Batracbian

(Pelobates adtripes), witb Remarks on the localisation of teeth on

the palate in Batrachians and Reptiles. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1890,

pp. 664 — 666.
A Synopsis of the Tadpoles of the European Batrachians. Proc.

Zool. Soc., 1891, pp. 593—627, pis. xlv— xlvii.
The Poisonous Secretion of Batrachians. Nat. Science, i, 1892,

pp. 185—190, figs.
Bourne, A. G. On certain Abnormalities in the Common Frog

(Rana temporaria). Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sc, xxiv, 1884, pp. 83

—88, pi. iv.
Brtjch, C. Ueber die Entwicklung der Wirbelsaule und die syste-

matische Stellung der Rana fusca (Pelobates fuscus). Wiirzb. Nat.

Zeitscbr., ii, 1861, pp. 178—198.

Beitrage zur Naturgescbichte und Classification der Nackten

Ampbibien. Op. cit., iii, 1862, pp. 181—224.

Ueber die Verknocherung der Wirbelsaule bei den Batrachiern.

T. c, pp. 225—237, pi. v.

Neue Beobachtungen zur Naturgescbichte der einbeimiscben

Batracbier und Bericht fiber das Brutjahr 1862-63. Op. cit , iv,
1863, pp. 92—151.

Calmels, G. Etude histologique des glandes a venin du Crapaud.

Arch, de Physiol. (3), i, 1883, pp. 321-362, pi. viii.
Camerano, L. Delia scelta sessuale negli Anfibi anuri. Atti Ace.

Torin., xv, 1879, pp. 683—702.

Nota intorno alio scheletro del Bombinator igneus. Op. cit.,

xvi, 1880, pp. 445—450, figs.

Intorno alia Neotenia ed alio sviluppo degli Anfibi. Op. cit., xix,

1884, pp. 84-93.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 363

Camerano, L. Ricei'che intorno alia vita branch iale degli Anfibi.
Mem. Ace. Torin. (2), xxxv, 1884, pp. 395—466, pis. i & ii.

Note di Biologia alpina. I. Dello sviluppo degli Anfibi anuri

sulle Alpi. Boll. Mus. Torin., ii, 1887, No. 30, 10 pp.

Di alcuni Girini albini e delle cause dell' albinismo. Op. cit., iv,

1889, No. 64.

Ricerche intorno alio sviluppo ed alle cause del polimorfisino dei

Girini degli Anfibi anuri. Atti Ace. Torin., xxvi, 1890, pp. 72—83.

Nota di Biologia alpina. III. Dell' azione dell' acqua corrente

e della luce sullo sviluppo degli Anfibi anuri. Boll. Mus. Torin.,
viii, 1892, No. 140.

Chomiakoff, M. Die Entwickelung des Tarsus bei Pelobates fusmis.

Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1894, pp. 351—357, pi. viii.
Clemens, P. Die ausseren Kiemen der Wirbeltbiere. Anat. Hefte,

v, 1894, H. 1, 107 pp., pis. ix— xii.
Cope, E. D. On tbe limits and relations of the Raniformes. Proc.

Ac. Philad., 1864, pp. 181—183.

Sketch of the primary Groups of Batrachia Salientia. Nat. Hist.

Review, 1865, pp. 97—120.

On the structure and distribution of the Genera of the Arciferous

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o

64 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

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Zur ersten Entwickelung des braunen Grasfrosches. Kolliker

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Schulze, F. E. Ueber die Nervenendigung in den sogenannten
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Ueber cuticulare Bildungen und Verbornung von Epithelzellen

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Seeck, O. Ueber die Hautdriisen einiger Ampbibien. Inaugural-
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Spallanzani, L. Experiences pour servir a l'bistoire de la genera-
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Spengel, J. W. Das Urogenitalsystem der Ampbibien. I. Der
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Ueber die Metamorphose der Ampbibien. Verb. Nat. Ver. Ham-
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Bastardbildung bei Ampbibien. Biol. Centralbl., v, 1885, pp.

70—74.

Stannius, H. Handbuch der Zootomie : Anatomie der Wirbelthiere.

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Stohr, P. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Anurenschadels. Zeitscbr.

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Ueber die Haftorgane der Anurenlarven. Sitzungsb. Pbys.-med.

Ges. Wiirzb., 1881, p. 118.

Stricker. S. Beitrage zur Biologie der Batrachier. Verb. Zool.-bot.

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Swammerdam, J. Biblia Naturae. Leyden, 1737, folio, 2 vols, and

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Tarchanoff, J. R. Zur Physiologie des Geschlechtsapparates des

Frosches. Arch. f. ges. Physiol., xl, 1887, pp. 330—351.
Thiele, J. Der Haftapparat der Batracbierlarven. Zeitscbr. wiss.

Zool., xlvi, 1887, pp. 67—79, pi. r.
Thomas, A. Note sur la generation du Pelodyte ponctue, avec

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Tornier, G. Die Tbierwelt Ost-Afrikas : Reptilien und Ampbibien.

Berlin, 1896, 8vo, xiii, 164 pp., figs., 5 pis.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 371

Van Bambeke, C. Recherches sur la structure de la Louche chez les
tetards des Batraciens anoures. Bull. Ac. Belg., xvi, 1863, pp. 339
—354.

Recherches sur le developpement du Pelobate brun (Pelobates

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Vogt, C. Untersuchungen iiber die Eutwicklungsgescbicbte der

Geburtshelferkrote (Alytes obstetricans). Solotburn, 1842, 4to, 134

pp., 3 pis. (
Vulpian, A. Etude physiologique des venins du Crapaud, du Triton

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138.

Note relative a Faction du venin des Batraciens venimeux sur les

animaux qui le produisent. CR. Soc. Biol. (4), i, 1864, pp. 188 —
191 .

Wagler, J. Natiirliches System der Amphibien. Municb, 1830, Svo,

354 pp. and fob atlas.
Weliky, W. Ueber die Anwesenbeit vielziihliger Limpbberzen bei

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Werner, F. Ueber die Veriinderung der Hautfarbe bei europiiischen
Batrachiern. Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xl, 1890, pp. 169—176.

Untersucbungen iiber die Zeicbnung der Wirbelthiere. Zool.

Jabrb., Syst. vi, 1892, pp. 155—229, pis. vi— x ; and vii, 1893, pp.
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Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xliii, 1893, Sitzb., pp. 4—6.
Wilson, C. B. The wrinkling of frogs' eggs during segmentation.

Anier. Natur., xxx, 1896, pp. 761—773, 2 pis.
Wittich, W. v, Harn- und Gescblecbtsorgane von Discoglossus

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Zool., iv, 1853, pp. 168—177, pi. x.

Der Mecbanismus der Haftzeben von Hijla arborea. Arch. f. Anat.

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Yung, E. De rinfiuence de la nature des aliments sur le developpe-
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De l'innuence des milieux physico-chimiques sur les etres vivants :

Influence des ditferentes especes d'aliments sur le developpement
de la Grenouille (Bana esculenta). Arch. Sc. phys. nat. Geneve (3),
vii, 1882, pp. 225—261.

Developpement de la sexualite des larves de Grenouilles et in-
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Fran?., xiv, 1, 1886, p. 151.

Ziegler, F. Zur Kenntniss der Oberflachenbilder bei JBcma-Embry-

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Zwick, W. Beitriige zur Kenntniss des Banes und der Entwicklung

der Amphibiengliedmassen, besonders von Carpus und Tarsus.

Zeitscbr. wiss. Zool., xxxiii, 1897, pp. 62—114, pis. iv & v.

372 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

II. Faunistic.

Bedriaga, J. DE. Die Amphibien und Reptilien Griechenlands. Bull.
Soc. Nat. Moscou, 18S1, pp. 241—310.

Beitrage zur Kenntuiss der Amphibien und Reptilien von Corsika.

Arch. f. Nat., 1883, pp. 124—273, pis. lii— v.

Die Lurch fauna Europa's. I. Anura, Froschlurche. Bull. Soc.

Nat. Mosc, 1889, pp. 210—422, 466—622. Also separately, Moscow,
1890.

Anvphibiens et Reptiles recueillis en Portugal par M. A. F. Moller.

Coimbra, 1890, 8vo, 87 pp., and Supplement, 1893. [Reprinted
from O Instituto, Coimbra, xxxvi — xxxviii.]

Bell, T. A History of British Reptiles, London, 1S39, 8vo, 142 pp.,

figs. ; 2nd edit., 1849, 159 pp.
Betta, E. de. I -Rettili ed Anfibi del Regno della Grecia. Atti 1st.

Venet. (3), xiii. 1868, pp. 876—963.

Fauna d' Italia : Rettili ed Anfibi. Milan, 1874, Svo, 107 pp.

Bonaparte, C. L. Iconografia della Fauna Italica per le quaftro

classi degli Animali Vertebrati. II. Anfibi. Rome, 1832 — 1841,

fob, 85 pis.
Bosca, E. Catalogue des Reptiles et Amphibiens de la Peninsule

Iberique et des lies Baleares. Bull. Soc Zool. France, 1880, pp.

240—287.
Bruhin. P. J. A. Die Wirbelthiei-e Vorarlbergs. Verb. Zool. -bot. Ges.

Wien, xviii, 1868, pp. 223—262.
Camerano, L. Monografia degli Anfibi anuri Italiani. Mem. Ace.

Torin. (2), xxxv, 1883, 100 pp., 2 pis.
Collett, R. Bemaarkninger om Norges Reptilier og Batrachier.

Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1878, No. 3, 12 pp.
Collin, J. Danmarks Froer og Tudser. Nat. Tidsskr. (Copenhagen)

(3), vi, 1869, pp. 267—352.
Collin de Plancy, V. Catalogue des Reptiles et Batraciens du

Departement de l'Aube et Etude sur la Distribution geographique

des Reptiles et Batraciens de Test de la France. Bull. Soc. Sc,

Semur, 1877, pp. 33—74.
Cook, M. C. Our Reptiles. London, 1865, Svo, 199 pp., 11 pis.
Douglass, J. N. On the Herpetology of the Grand Duchy of Baden.

London, 1894, Svo, 62 pp. [Reprinted from ' The Zoologist,' 1891,

with corrections, &c]
Dutugen, B. Deutschlands Amphibien und Reptilien. Magdeburg,

1890-97, Svo. 676 pp., 12 pls.^
Fatio, V. Faune des Yertebres de la Suisse. Yol. III. Histoire

naturelle des Reptiles et des Batraciens. Geneva & Basle, 1872,

8vo, 603 pp., 5 pis.
Gadeau de Kerville, H. Faune de la Normandie. IY. Reptiles,

Batraciens et Poissons. Paris. 1897, 8vo, 532 pp., 4 pis.
Koch, C. Formen und Wandlungen der ecaudaten Batrachier des

Unter-Main- und Lahn-Gebietes. Ber. Senckenb. Ges., 1872,

pp. 122—183.
Koppen, F. T. Zur Herpetologie der Krim. Beitr. Kennt. Russ.

Reich. (2), vi, 1883, pp. 63—85.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 373

Lataste, F. Essai d'une Faune herpetologique de la Gironde. Actes
Soc. Linn. Bord., xxx, 1876, pp. 193—544, pis. vii— xii. Also
separately, Bordeaux, 1876, 8vo.

Catalogue des Batraciens et Reptiles des environs de Paris, et

distribution geographique des Batraciens et Reptiles de l'ouest de
la France. Op. cit., xxxi, 1876, pp. 1 — 29.

Apereu sur la faune herpetologique du plateau central de la

France. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, pp. 204—212

Lessona, M. Studii sugli Anfibi anuri del Piemonte. Mem. CI. Sc.

fis. Ace. Lincei (3), i, 1877, pp. 1019—1098, 5 pis.
Leydig, F. Die Anuren Batracbier der Deutscben Fauna. Bonn,

1877, 8vo, 164 pp., 9 pis.
Martin, R., & Rollinat, R. Vertebres sauvages du Departement

de l'Indre. Paris, 1894, 8vo, 455 pp.
Mehely, L. v. Die berpetologiscben Verbiiltnisse des Siebenbiir-

giscben Burzenlandes. Beitr. Monogr. Kronstadt, Kronstadt, 1892,

8vo, 91 pp.
Mina-Palumbo, F. Rettili ed Anfibi Nebrodensi. Nat. Sicil., xii,

1893, pp. 228—232, 262-264, 2S2-287.
Muller, F. Verzeicbniss der in der Umgegend von Basel gefundenen

Reptilien und Ampbibien. Verb. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi, 1878, pp. 412

—427.
Nilsson, S. Skandinavisk Fauna : Amfibierna. Lund, 1842, 8vo, 120

pp.; 2nd edit., 1860, 140pp.
Schlegel, H. De Dieren van Nederland.-Gewervelde Dieren. Haar-
lem, 1862, 8vo, 44 pp., 11 pis.
Schreiber, E. Herpetologia Europrea. Eine systematische Bear-

beitung der Ampbibien und Reptilien welcbe bisber in Europa

aufgefunden sind. Brunswick, 1875, 8vo, 639 pp., figs.
Schweder, G. Die Wirbelthiere des Baltiscben Gouvernements.

Korresp. Nat. Yer. Riga, xxxvii, 1894, pp. 1 — 33.
Selys-Longchamps, E. de. Faune Beige. Ire Partie. Indication

metbodique der Mammiferes, Oiseaux, Reptiles et Poissons

observes jusqu'ici en Belgique. Liege, 1842, 8vo, 310 pp., 9 pis.
Werner, F. Die Reptilien- und Batracbier-Fauna der Ioniscben

Inseln. Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xliv, 1894, pp. 225—237.
Die Reptilien und Ampbibien Oesterreich-Ungarns und der

Occupationslander. Vienna, 1897, 8vo, 162 pp., 3 pis.
Wolterstorff, W. Unsere Kriecbtbiere und Lurcbe. Vorlaufiges

Verzeicbniss der Reptilien und Ampbibien der Provinz Sachsen

und der angrenzenden Gebiete. Zeitscbr. f. ges. Naturw., lxi,

1888, pp. 1—38.
Ueber die geograpbiscbe Verbreitung der Ampbibien Deutsch-

lands, insbesondere Wiirttembergs. Jabresb. Nat. Ver. vViirttenib.,

xlvi, 1890, pp. 125-134.

Die Reptilien und Ampbibien der Nordwestdeutscben Berglande.

Magdeburg, 1893, 8vo, 242 pp.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

acutirostris (Bana), 302
agilis (Bana), 288
alliacea (Bona), 193
alpina (Bana), 302
alpinus (Bufo), 214
Alytes, 162

— cisternasii, 175

— obstetricans, 103
Ammoryctvt, 162
arabicus (Bufo), 228
arbor ea (Dendroht/as), 247

— {Hiila),2il

— (_K«»rt),247
arboreus (Calamita), 247
Arc if era, 123

<m>«/w (Bana), 288

a*ro (_R«»«), 302

ait n't us (Discoglossus), 125

balearica (Bufo), 228
barytonus (Hyla), 248
bedriagx (Bana), 2G6
bombina (Bana), 142, 151
Bombinator, 141

— igneus, 142

— pachypus, 151

bombinus (Bombinator), 142, 152

— (Bufo), 151
boscai (Alytes), 163
bosniensis (Bana), 307
boulengeri (Bufo), 228
hrevipes (Bombinator), 151
/;"/?«« (Bana), 227
-B«/b,211

— calamita, 236
■ — ■ riridis, 227

— vulgaris, 213

— (Bana), 213
Bufonidse, 211

cachinnans (Bana), 265
calamita (Bufo), 228, 236

— (Epidalea),236
calcarata (Bana), 205, 266
calcaratus (Bufo), 205

— (Z>itfoc«.?),205
camerani (Bana), 298
campanisona (Bana), 163

campanisonus (Bufo), 163
canigonica (Bana), 302
caucasica (Bana), 265
caucasicus (Pelodytes), 180
chinensis (Bana), 205
cinereus (Bufo), 213
cisternasii (Alytes), 175

— (Ammoryctis), 175
Classifications, 2
ccerulescens (Colodacfylus), 125
colchicus (Bufo), 214
communis (Bufo), 214
commutatus (Bufo), 214
cruciatus (Bufo), 236
cruenta (Bana),2>02
cultrrpes (Pelobates), 205
cultripes (Bana), 205

cursor (Bufo), 227

dalmatina (Bana), 332
daudini (Pelodytes), 181
daudinii (Bana), 180
delislei (Alytes), 163
dentex (Bana), 265
Dermal secretion, 30
Development, 85
Didocus, 192
Discoglossidie, 123
Discoglossus, 124

— pictus, 125
dybowskii (Bana), 302

Eggs, 78
Embryos, 85
Epidalea, 212
esculenta (Bana), 265
External characters, 9

fetidissima (Bana), 236
Firmistemia, 262
flaviventris (Bana), 302
flwoiatUis (Bana), 266
/orto (#«»«), 266
fusca (Bombina), 193

— (Bana), 193, 302
fuscus (Bombinator), 193, 205

— (B«/b), 193

— (Pelobates), 193, 205

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

375

gargarizans (Bufo), 214
Geographical distribution, 115
gracilis (Sana), 307, 333
grceca (Sana), 315

griscus (Bufu), 214

Habits, 57

hispanica (Rana), 266
holtzi (Rana), 298
honnorati (Rana), 302
Hybrids, 112
My I a, 246

— arborea, 247
Hylidae, 246

iberico (Rana), 321

ignea (Bambino), 151

igneus (Bombinator), 142, 151

— (.Btf/b), 142

iff ni color (Bufo), 142
insubricus (Pelobates), 193
Integument, 21
intermedia (Syla), 248

japonica (Hi/hi), 247

— (Rana), 266
japonicus (Bufo), 214

latastii (Rana), 266, 315, 326
latifrons (Pelobates), 193
lesson ce (Rana), 266
longipes (Bvfo), 228

— \Rana), 302
Lungs, 49

maritima (Rana), 265
marmorata (Bambino), 193

— (Rana), 266
mephitica (Rana), 236
meridional is (Hyla), 247
Metamorphosis, 85
minor (Cultripes), 193
minutus (Bufo), 214
molleri (Hgla), 248
mufcz (i?««rt),301

nigromaculata (Rana), 266
Nuptial asperities, 70

obstetricans (Alytes), 163

— (Bombinator), 163

— (5«/o), 163

— (Rana), 163
obtusirostris ( Rana), 302
orientalis (Hgla), 248
Oviposition, 61
oxyrrhinus (Rana), 288, 298

paehypus (Bombinator), 151

Pairing, 64

palmarum (Bufo), 213
parvipalmata (Rana), 302
Pelobates, 192

— cultripes, 205

— fuscus, 193
Pelobatidx, 179
Pelodyies, 179

— punctatus, 180
Pelodytopsis, 180
perezi (Hyla), 247

— (Rana), 266
Phaneroglossa, 123
Phryne, 212
picta (Rana), 125
pictus (Discoglossus), 125
platyrrhinus (Rana), 302
plicata (Rana), 180
plicatus (Bombinator), 180
pluvialis (Bufo), 151
Poison, 30

parosa (Rana), 266

— (Tomopterna), 266
portentosa (Rana), 236
portentosus (Bufo), 236
prsetextatus (Bufo), 213
jirorincialis (Cultripes), 205
punctata (Rana), 180
punctatus (Alytes), 180

— (Obstetricans), 180

— (Pelodytes), 180

ifa»(r, 262

— ayifts, 332

— arcalis, 288

— camera ni, 2b8

— esculenta, 265

— grmca, 315

— iberico, 321

— latastii, 326 „

— temporaria, 301
Ranidx, 262

reinhardti (Hoplobat rachus), 266

— (Rana), 266
ridibunda (Rana), 265
robust ior (Bufo), 214
roe.ve/u" (Bufo), 213
Rube fa, 212

— (2?<!/b), 213, 236

— (Rana), 142, 213
rw/a (Rana), 301

saAra (Rana), 151
salsus (Bufo), 151
sarda (Dendroht/as), 247

— (Ifi/fa), 247 '
sordoa (Psevdis), 125
tardus (Discoglossus), 125
savignyi (Hyla), 247

376

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

schreierianus {Bufo), 227
scorodosma {Sana), 213
scoiica (Rana), 302
scovazzii (Discoglossus) , 125
sitibunda (Rana), 227
sitibundus (Bufo), 227
Skeleton, 33
sonans (Rana), 151
speheus (Bufo), 214
Spermatozoa, 75
spinosus (Bufo), 213
sylvatica (Rana), 266

Tadpoles, 99

temporaria (Rana), 125, 288, 301, 326,

332
terrestris (Rana), 288
tigrina (Rana), 266

Urogenital apparatus, 52

variabilis (Bufo), 227

— (Rana), 227
variegata (Rana), 142
variegatus (Bombinator), 152
ventricosus (Bufo), 213
vespertina (Rana), 193
vespertinus (Bufo), 193
vinearum (Bufo), 214
viridi-radiatus (Bufo), 227
otWrfw (Bufo), 227, 236

— (#>/&»), 247

— (Rana), 227, 266
Viscera, 49

Vocal sacs, 61

Voice, 61

vulgaris (Bufo), 213

— (Obstetricans), 163

— (Rana), 265

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Bourne, T. W., Esq., 7, Endsleigh Terrace, Tavistock.

Bower. B. A., Esq., F.E.S., Langley, Eltham Road, Lee, S.E.

Bowyer, R. W., Esq., Haileybury College, Hertford.

Brabant, Monsieur E., F.E.S., Chateau de Morenchies, par Cambrai
(Nord), France.

Bradford Naturalists' Society, Y.M.C.A. Rooms, Bradford.

Brady, Professor G. S., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Mowbray villas, Sun-
derland.

Braithwaite, Dr. R., F.L.S., The Ferns, Clapham rise, S.W.

Briggs, C. A., Esq., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, North Devon.

Briggs, T. H.,Esq., M.A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, North Devon.

Bright, P. M., Esq., F.E.S., Aston Lodge, Surrey Road, Bourne-
mouth.

Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society, Brighton.

Bristol Microscopical Society, H. Gummer, Esq., Hon. Treas., 2, Clyde
Park, Bristol.

Bristol Museum and Reference Library, Bristol.

British Museum, Printed Book Department, W.C.

Brockhaus, T. A., Esq., 37, Warwick lane, E.C.

Brockholes, Mrs. J. Fitzherbert, Clifton hill, Garstang, Lancashire.

Browne, Dr. Henry, The Gables, Victoria Park, Manchester.
Buchan-Hepburn, Sir Archibald, Bart., E.E.S., Smeaton-Hepburn,
Preston Kirk, East Lothian, N.B,

Buckland, J., Esq., 4, East street, Taunton.
Buekmaster, Rev. C. J., Hindley Vicarage, Wigan.
Buckton, G. B., Esq., F.R.S., Weycombe, Haslemere, Surrey.

Cambridge, Rev. 0. P., F.R.S., Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham.

Cambridge Entomological Society, per W. Turner, Esq., Hon. Sec,
14, King's Parade, Cambridge.

Cambridge, Downing College, Cambridge.

Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

Cambridge Philosophical Library, New Museums, Cambridge.

Cambridge, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge.

Cambridge, Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge.

Cambridge, Trinity College, Cambridge.

Cambridge University Library, Cambridge.

Campbell, F. M., Esq., F.L.S., Brynllwydwyn, Machynlleth, Mont-
gomeryshire.

Canterbury, Philosophical Institute of, care of Capt. Hutton, Hon.
Treas., Christchurch, New Zealand.

Capper, S. J., Esq., F.L.S., Huyton Park, Huyton, near Liverpool.

Cardiff Free Library, Cardiff.

Cash, W., Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial street,
Halifax, Yorkshire.

Chapman, E., Esq., Hill End, Mottram, in Longdendale, Cheshire.

Chapman, T. A., Esq., M.D., F.E.S., Elmscroft, Redhill.

Cbawner, Miss E. F., F.E.S., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, Hants.

Cheltenham College, Cheltenham.

Cheltenham Permanent Library, Cheltenham.

Cheltenham Natural Science Society, Cheltenham.

Chicago Public Library, Chicago.

Chichester Natural History Society, per J. Anderson, jun., Esq., Hon.
Sec, Chichester.

Christiania, University of, Norway.

Christy, W. M., Esq., F.E.S., Watergate, Emsworth, Hants.

Church, Dr. W. S., 130, Ilarley Street, W.

Cincinnati Public Library, U.S.A.

Clark, J. A., Eeq., M.P.S.G.B., L.D.S., F.E.S., 48, The Broadway,
London Fields, Hackney, N.E.

Cleland, Professor, P. U.S., 2, The University, Glasgow.

Cohens und Sohn Herren, 18, Kaiserplatz, Bonn.

Colman, Jeremiah J., Esq., M.P., Carrow House, Norwich,

Cooper, Colonel E. H., 42, Portman square, W.

Cooper, Sir Daniel, Bart., 6, De Vere gardens, Kensington Palace, W.

Corder, J. W., Esq., Ashbrooke terrace, Sunderland.

Cork, Queen's College, Cork.

Cornwall, Royal Institution of, Truro.

Crisp, F., Esq., B.A., LL.B., V.P. and Treas. L. S., 6, Lansdowne

road, Notting hill, W.
Crofts, Rev. J., Dalton Vicarage, near Southport.
Croft, R. Benyon, Esq., R.N., F.L.S., Earnham Hall, Ware, Herts.
Crowley, Philip, Esq., F.L.S., Wad don House, Croydon.
Cruickshank, Alexander, Esq., LL.D., 20, Rose street, Aberdeen.

Dal try, Rev. T. W., M.A., F.L.S., Madeley Vicarage, Newcastle,

Staffordshire.
Decie, Mrs. A. Prescott, Bockleton Court, Tenbury.
Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter.
Devonshire, Duke of, F.R.S., 78, Piccadilly, W.
Dickinson, Win., Esq., Warham road, Croydon.
Dobree, N. F., Esq., Beverley, Yorkshire.
Dohrn, Dr. Anton, Stazione Zoologica, Naples.
Doncaster, A., Esq., 3(i, Strand, W.C.
Dublin, National Library, Dublin.
Dublin Royal College of Science, Dublin.
Dublin Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.
Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin.
Dublin, Hon. Society of King's Inn, Dublin.
Ducie, Earl of, F.R.S., F.G.S., 16", Portman square, W.

Earl, H. L., Esq., Grammar School, Manchester.

East Kent Natural History Society, Canterbury.

Eastwood, J. E., Esq., F.E.S., Enton Lodge, Witley, Surrey.

Edinburgh Library of University of Edinburgh.

Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.

Edinburgh Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh.

Edinburgh, Royal Society of, Edinburgh.

Edwards, S., Esq., F.L.S., Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.

Ellison, F. E., Esq., 47, Merchant street, Bristol.

Ellison, S. T., Esq., 56, South Methven street, Perth, N.B.

Elphinslone, Sir H. W., Cart., F.L.S., 2, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's

Inn, W.C.
England, Bank of, Library, London, E.C.

England, Royal College of Surgeons of, Lincoln's-inn-fields, W.C.
Evans, H. A., Esq., The Elms, Begbroke, near Oxford.

Fenn, C, Esq., F.E.S., Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E.

Fitch, E. A., Esq , F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon, Essex.

Fitch, Fred., Esq., F.R.G.S., Hadleigh House, 40, Highbury New

Park, N.
Flemyng, Rev. W. W., M.A., Coolfin House, Portlaw, Co. Waterfofd.
Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq., F.E.S., Fairlawn, Worthing, Sussex.
Flower, Sir W. H., F.R.S., British Museum (Natural History), S.W.
Foster, C, Esq., Thorpe, Norwich.

Fraser, F. J., Esq., 19, Southampton street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
Freeman, F. F., Esq., F.E.S., Abbotsfield, Tavistock, South Devon.
Friedlander & Son, Messrs., Berlin, Germany.
Fuller, Rev. A., M.A., F.E.S., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham hill, S.E.

Galton, Sir Douglas, F.R.S., 12, Chester street, Grosvenor place, S.W.

Gardner, J., Esq., F.E.S., 6", Friar terrace, Hartlepool.

Gatty, C. H., Esq., LL.D., F.L.S., Felbridge place, East Grinstead,

Sussex.
Geological Society, London, W.
Gibson, Miss, Hill House, Saffron Walden, Essex.
Glasgow Natural History Society, 207, Bath street, Glasgow.
Glasgow, Philosophical Society of, 207, Bath street, Glasgow.
Glasgow, University of, Glasgow.
Godman, F. D., Esq., F.R.S., 7, Carlos place, W., and South Lodge,

Horsham.
Gottingen, University of, Germany.

Green, E. Ernest, Esq., F.E.S., Eton, Punduloya, Ceylon.
Green, J. F., Esq., Benacre Hall, Wrentham, Suffolk.
Green, R. Y., Esq., 11, Lovaine crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Greene, Rev. J., M.A., F.E.S., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol.

llaileybury College, near Hertford.
Halifax Public Library, Halifax.

10

Harley, Dr. J., F.L.S., 9, Stratford place, W.

Harmer, Sidney F., Esq., D.Sc, King's College, Cambridge.

Harrison, A., Esq., F.C.S., F.R.M.S., F.E.S., 72, Windsor road,
Forest Gate, E.

Harrison, F., Esq., Junior United Service Club, Charles street, S.W.

Harvard College, Cambridge, U.S.A.

Hawkshaw, J. C, Esq., 33, Great George street, Westminster, S.W.

Hertfordsbire Natural History Society and Field Club, Watford.

Hilton, James, Esq., GO, Montagu square, W.

Hinchliff, Miss Katharine M., Worlington House, Instow, North Devon.

Hood, Donald W. C, Esq., M.D.Cantab., 43, Green street, Park
lane, W.

Hooker, Sir J. D., C.B., M.D., F.R.S., Sunningdale, Berks.

Hope, G. P., Esq., Upminster Hall, near Romford.

Hopkinson, Jobn, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., The Grange, St. Albans
Herts.

Horley, W. L., Esq., Stanboroughs, Hoddesdon.

Huddersfield Naturalists' Society, A. Clarke, Esq., Hon. Sec, St.
Andrew's road, Huddersfield.

Hughes, W. R., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Wood House, Hands-
worth, Birmingham.

Hull Public Libraries, Hull.

Hull Subscription Library, Royal Institution, Hull.

Jones, Albert H., Esq., F.E.S., Shrublands, Eltham.

Kane, W. F. de V., Esq., M.R.I.A , F.E.S., Drumreaske House,

Monaghan, Ireland.
Keays, F. Lovell, Esq., F.L.S., 26, Charles street, St. James's, S.W.
Kenrick, G. H., Esq., F.E.S., Whetstone, Somerset road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.
Kilmarnock Library, Kilmarnock.
King, Messrs. II. S., & Co., 65, Cornhill, E.C.

Laver, H., Esq., F.L.S., Head street, Colchester.

Lea, liev. T. S., 3, Wellington Field, Smithdown road, Liverpool.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds.

Leeds Public Library, Leeds.

11

Leeds, The Yorkshire College, Leeds.

Leicester Free Library, Wellington street, Leicester.

Leipzig, University of, Germany.

Lemann, F. C, Esq., F.E.S., Blackfriars House, Plymouth.

Lewis, A., Esq., Sparrowwick, St. Albans, Herts.

Lille University Library, France.

Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.

Lister, Arthur, Esq., F.L S., Leytonstone, N.E.

Liverpool Athenaeum, Liverpool.

Liverpool Free Library, Liverpool.

Liverpool Microscopical Society, Liverpool.

Liverpool Royal Institution, Liverpool.

Lloyd, A., Esq., F.E.S., The Dome, Bognor, Sussex.

London Institution, Finsbury circus, E.C.

London Library, 12, St. James's square, S.W.

Longstaff, G. B., Esq., M.D., L.C.C., Highlands, Putney Heath,

S.W.
Loven, Professor, Stockholm.
Lubbock, The Rt, Hon. Sir J., Bart., M.P., F.R.S., F.L.S., President,

15, Lombard street, E.C.
Lupton, H., Esq., F.E.S., Lyndhurst, North Grange road, Headingley.

McGill, H. J., Esq., Aldenham Grammar School, Elstree, Herts.
McGregor, Rev. J., West Green, Culross, Dunfermlime, N.B.
Mcintosh, Prof. W. C, M.D., F.R.S., 2, Abbotsford crescent, St,

Andrews, N.B.
McLachlan, R., Esq., F.R.S., Treasurer, West View, 23, Clarendon

road, Lewisham, S.E.
Maclagan, Sir Douglas, M.D., F.R.S.E., 28, Heriot row, Edinburgh.
McMillan, W. S., Esq., F.L.S., Brook road, Maghull, Lancashire.
Madras Government Museum, Madras.

Majendie, Rev. W. R. S., M.A., St. Martin's Clergy House, Salisbury.
Major, L. B., Esq., Cromwell House, Croydon.
Manchester Free Public Library, Manchester.
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester.
Mansel-Pleydell, J. C, Esq., F.L.S., Whatcombe, Blandford.
Marlborough College Natural History Society, Marlborough.
Mason, P. B., Esq., F.L.S., Burton-on-Trent.
Mathew, G. F., Esq., R.N,, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Lee Bouse, Dovercourt

Harwich, Essex.

12

Meiklejohn, Dr. J. W. S., F.L.S., 105, Holland road, Kensington, W.

Melbourne Public Library, Australia.

Mennell, H. T., Esq., F.L.S., 10, St. Dunstan's buildings, Idol lane,

E.C.
Michael, A. D., Esq., F.L.S., Cadogan Mansions, Sloane square, S.W.
Microscopical Society, Royal, 20, Hanover square, W.
Mitchell Library, 21, Miller street, Glasgow.
Moore, Mrs. E. T., Holmfield, Oakholme road, Sheffield.
Morley, W. A., Esq., Oakdene, Alexandra road, Epsom.
Munich Royal Library, Munich.

Newcastle-on-Tyne Literary and Philosophical Society, Neweastle-on-
Tyne.

Newcastle-on-Tyne Public Library, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Noble, Sir Andrew, K.C.B., F.R.S., Jesmond Dene House, Newcastle-
on-Tyne.

Norfolk and Norwich Library, Norwich.

Norman, Rev. A. Merle, M.A , F.L.S., The Rectory, Houghton-le-
Spring, R.S.O., co. Durham.

Nottingham Free Library, Nottingham.

Nottingham Naturalists' Society, per F. R. Jackson, Esq., Hon. Sec,
2, Stratford square, Nottingham.

Oldfield, G. W., Esq., F.L.S., 21, Longridge road, Earl's Court, S.W.
Owens College, Manchester.
Oxford, Magdalen College, Oxford.

Paisley Philosophical Institute, Paisley.

Paris National Library, per Messrs. Longmans.

Peel Park Library, Salford, Lancashire.

Penny, Rev. C. W., Shute End House, Wokingham.

Perthshire Society of Natural Science, Museum, Tay street, Perth.

Phene, J. S., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.,5, Carlton terrace, Oakley street, S.W.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, U.S.A.

Pierce, F. Nelson, Esq., F.E.S., 7, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.

Plowman, T., Esq., Nystnen Lodge, Byeullah Park, Enfield.

Plymouth Institution, Athenaeum, Plymouth.

13

Pole-Carew, Miss C. L., Antony, Torpoint, Devonport.
Porritt, G. T., Esq., F.L.S., Crosland Hall, near Huddersfielcl.
Ponlton, Prof. E. B., M.A., F.R.S., Wykeham House, Oxford.
Power, II., Esq., M.B.Lond., F.L.S., 37a, Great Cumberland place,

Hyde Park, W.
Preston Free Public Library, Preston.
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Quekett Microscopical Club, 20, Hanover square, W.

Radcliffe Library, Oxford.

Radford, D., Esq., Mount Tavy, Tavistock, Devon.
Rashleigh, J., Esq., Menabilly, Par Station, Cornwall.
Reader, Thomas, Esq., Beaufort House, 125, Peckbam Rye, S.E.
Richardson, N. M., Esq., Monte Video, near Weymouth.
Ripon, Marquis of, F.R.S., F.L.S., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S.W.
Robertson, G., & Co., 17, Warwick square, Paternoster row, E.C.
Robinson, Rev. F., The Rectory, Castle Eden, Co. Durham.
Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam.
Royal Institution, Albemarle street, W.
Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W.

Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, High Fields, Thelwall,
near Warrington.

Salvin, Osbert, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chaudos street, Cavendish square.

Samson and Wallin, Messrs., London.

Sanders, Alfred, Esq., F.L.S., The Hawthorns, Caterham Valley,

Surrey.
Science and Art Department, South Kensington, S.W.
Sclater, P. L., Esq., M. A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., 3, Hanover square, W.
Seaborne, C. E., Esq., Watcombe Hall, Torquay.
Sharpus, F. W., Esq., 30, Compton road, Islington, N.
Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, Sheffield.
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Sion College Library, Victoria Embankment, W.C.
Sladen, Rev. C. A., Barton Vicarage, Neston, Chester.
Smith, Basil Woodd, Esq., F.S.A., Branch hill, Hampstead, N.W.
Smith, F. W., Esq., Hollywood, Lewisham hill, S.E.
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Taunton.

14

Sotheran, Messrs., 13G, Strand, W.C.

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Spicer, Messrs., Brothers, 19, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, E.C.

St. Albans Public Library, St. Albans.

St. Andrews University Court, St. Andrews.

Stearns, A. E., Esq., F.E.S., New Mills Cottage, Henley-on-Thames.

Stevens, 13. F., Esq., 4, Trafalgar square, W.C.

Stewart, Prof. C, F.K.S., V.P.L.S., Royal College of Surgeons, Lin-
coln's Inn Fields, W.C.

Stockholm Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.

Stockholm Royal Library, Stockholm.

Straker, J. IL, Esq., Howden Dene, Corbridge-on-Tyne.

Strasbourg University Library, Strasbourg, Germany.

Stubbins, J., Esq., F.G.S., Woodlands, Pool, near Leeds.

Sunderland Subscription Library, Fawcett street, Sunderland.

Thompson, I. C, Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., 53, Ctoxteth road, Liver-
pool.

Thomewill, Rev. C. F., F.E.S., Calverhall Vicarage, Whitechurch,
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Toronto, University of, Canada.

Torquay Natural History Society, Museum, Babbacombe road, Torquay.

Townsend, F., Esq.,M.A., M.P., F.L.S., Ilunington Hall, Shipston-on-
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Trimble, Mrs. James, Egerton House, Egerton, Kent.

Tunbridge Wells, Natural History Society, Tunbridge Wells.

Turner, Professor Sir William, F.R.S.E., University of Edinburgh.

University College, London.
Upsala, University of, Sweden.

Vicary, William, Esq., The Priory, Colleton crescent, Exeter.

Waldegrave, Earl, 20, Bryanston square, W.

Walker, Alfred 0., Esq., F.L.S., Nant Glyn, Colwyn Bay, Denbighshire.

15

Walker, Rev. Dr., F.L.S., Dun Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W.
Walsingham, Thomas de Grey, Lord, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Merton

Hall, Thetford, Norfolk.
Warburg. J. C, Esq., 8, Porchester terrace, W.
Warrington Museum and Library, Warrington.
Washington Library of Congress, U.S.A.
Webb, S., Esq., Maidstone House, Dover.
Wellington College, Berks.
Welter, Mons. II. , 39, Rue Bonaparte, Paris.
Wesley, E. F., Esq., A.K.C., 28, Essex street, Strand, W.C.
West Kent Natural History Society, Herbert Jones, Esq., F.L.S., Hon.

Treas., 15, Montpelier Row, Blackheath, S.E.
Whittle, F. G., Esq., 3, Marine Avenue, Southend, Essex.
Wickes, W. D., Esq., 32, Burlington Gardens, Acton, W.
Wiltshire, Rev. Professor T., M.A., F.L.S., Secretary, 2o, Granville

park, Lewisham, London, S.E.
Wood, J. IL, Esq., M.B., Tarrington, Ledbury.
Wright, Professor E. P., F.L.S., Trinity College, Dublin.

Yale University, New Haven, U.S.
York Philosophical Society, York.

Zoological Society, 3, Hanover square, W

LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES

OF THE

RAY SOCIETY.

FROM THEIR COMMENCEMENT, IN 1844. TO

JUNE, 1898.

B

LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ISSUED
BY THE RAY SOCIETY.

For the First Year, 1844.

I. Reports on the Progress of Zoology and Botany. Trans-

lated by H. E. Strickland, Jan., M.A., F.R.S., E. Lan-
kester, M.D., F.R.S., and W. B. Macdonald, B.A. 8vo.

II. Memorials of John Ray : consisting of the Life of John

Ray, by Derham ; the Biographical Notice of Ray, by
Baron Cnvier and M. Du petit Thouars, in the ' Biographie
Universelle ; ' Life of Ray, by Sir J. E. Smith : the Itine-
raries of Ray, with Notes, by Messrs. Babington and
Yarrell. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part I. Ten Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For the Second Year, 1845.

I. Steenstrup on the Alternation of Generations. Translated

from the German, by George Busk, F.R.S. Three Plates.
8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part II. Thirteen
Plates. Imp. 4to.

20 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

III. Reports and Papers on Botany, consisting of Translations
from the German. Translated by W. B. Macdonald, B.A. ;
G. Busk, F.R.S.; A. Henfrey, F.R.S. ; and J. Hudson,
B.M. Seven Plates. 8vo.

For the Thikd Year, 1846.

I. Meyen's Geography of Plants. Translated from the German

by Miss Margaret Johnston. 8vo.

II. Burmeister on the Organization of Trilobites. Translated

from the German, and edited bv Professors T. Bell and
E. Forbes. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part III. Eleven
Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Fourth Year, 1847.

I. Oken's Elements of Physio-philosophy. Translated from

the German by Alfred Tulk. 8vo.

II. Reports on the Progress of Zoology. Translated from the

German by Messrs. Geo. Busk, A. H. Haliday, and A.
Tulk. 8vo.

III. A Synopsis of the British Naked-eyed Pulmograde Medusae.
By Professor E. Forbes, F.R.S. Thirteen Plates. Imp.
4to.

For the Fifth Year, 1848.

I. Bibliographia Zoologiae et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. I. 8vo.

ISSUED BY TFTE RAY SOCIETY. 21

II. Letters of John Ray. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D.,

F.R.S. Two Plates. 8vo.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
Bv Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Port IV. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For the Sixth Year, 1849.

I. Reports and Papers on Vegetable Physiology and Botanical

Geography. Edited by A. Henfrey, F.R.S. Three Plates.
8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Entomostracous Crustacea.

By W. Baird, M.D., F.R.S. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.

For the Seventh Year, 1850.

I. Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.

Vol. II. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part V. Fifteen Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For the Eighth Year, 1851.

I. A Monograph of the British Angiocarpous Lichens. By the

Rev. W. A. Leigh ton, M.A. Thirty Plates. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. Bv C. Darwin,

M.A., F.R.S. Vol. I. Ten Plates. 8vo.

22 LIST OP ANNUAL VOLUMES

For the Ninth Year, 1852.

I. Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.

Vol. III. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusea.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VI. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Tenth Year, 1853.

I. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,

M.A., F.R.S. Vol. II. Thirty Plates. 8vo.

II. A Volume of Botanical and Physiological Memoirs, in-

cluding; Braun on Rejuvenescence in Nature. Six Plates.
8vo.

For the Eleventh Year, 1854.

Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. IV. 8vo. (Completing the work.)

For the Twelfth Year, 1855.

A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusea. By
Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VII. Nine Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

For the Thirteenth Year, 1856.

A Monograph of the British Fresh-water Polyzoa By Pro-
fessor Allman, F.R.S. Eleven Plates. Imp. 4to.

ISSUED BY THE BAY SOCIETY. 23

For the Fourteenth Year, 1857.

A Monograph of the Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain.
Bv Professor Williamson, F.ll.S. Seven Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Fifteenth Year, 1858.

The Oceanic Hydrozoa. By Professor Huxley, F.R.S. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Sixteenth Year. 1859.

A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
John Blackwall, F.L.S. Part I. Twelve Plates. Imp.
Ito.

For the Seventeenth Year, 1860.

An Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. By W. B.
Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., F.L S., &c, assisted by W. K.
Parker, F.R.S., and T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S. Twenty-
two Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Eighteenth Year, 18G1.

On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the
Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the
Coniferae. By Dr. Wilhelra Hofmcister. Translated by
Frederick Currey, M.A., F.R.S. , Sec. L.S. Sixty-five
Plates. 8vo.

24 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

For the Nineteenth Year, 1862.

A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
John Blackball, F.L.S. Part II. Seventeen Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

For the Twentieth Year, 1863.

The Reptiles of British India. By Albeit C. L. G. Giinther,
M.D., F.R.S. Twenty-six Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Twenty-first Year, 1864.

A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By J. S. Bowerbank,
LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. I. Thirty-seven Plates. 8vo.

For the Twenty-second Year, 1865.

I. The British Hemiptera Heteroptera. By Messrs. J. W.

Douglas and John Scott. Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By J. S. Bower-

bank, LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.

For the Twenty-third Yeak, 1866.

I. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,
D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. I, containing Gcographico-botanieal,
and Structural, and Physiological Memoirs. Edited by
J. J. Bennett, F.R.S. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 2-5

II. Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea. By Professors Eschricht,

Reinhardt, and Lilljeborg. Edited by W. H. Flower,
F.R.S. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.

III. Nitzch's Pterylography, translated from the German.
Edited bv P. L. Sclater, F.R.S. Ten Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Twenty-fourth Year, 1867.

I. A Monograph on the Structure and Development of the

Shoulder-girdle. By W. K. Parker, F.R.S. Thirty Plates.
Imp. 4to.

II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,

D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.

For the Twenty-fifth Year, 1868.

I. Vegetable Teratology. By M. T. Masters, M.D., F.L.S,

8vo.

II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,

D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. III. Thirty-eight Plates. Imp. 4to.
(Completing the work.)

For the Twenty-sixth Year, 1869.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.

By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part I. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For the Twenty- seventh Year, 1870.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.
By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part II. Eleven Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

26 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

For the Twenty-eighth Year, 1871.

A Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. By Sir J.
Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. Seventy-eight Plates. 8vo.

For the Twenty-ninth Year, 1872.

A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W. C. Mcintosh,
M.D., F.R.S. E. Part I. Ten Plates. Imp. 4to.

For the Thirtieth Year, 1873.

A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W. C. Mcintosh,
M.D., F.R.S.E. Part I. continued. Thirteen Plates.
Imp. 4to.

For the Thirty-first Year, 1874.

A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By J. S. Bowerbank,
LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. III. Ninety-two Plates. 8vo.

For the Thirty-second Year, 1875.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R S. Vol. I. Fortv-two Plates. 8vo.

For the Thirty-third Year, 1876.

A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By O. S. Brady,
M.D., F.L.S. Vol. I. Thirty-six Plates, 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 27

For the Thirty-fourth Year, 1877.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S Vol. II. Fiftv Plates. 8vo.

For the Thirty-fifth Year, 1878.

A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady.
M.D., F.L.S. Vol. II. Fortv-nine Plates. 8vo.

For the Thirty-sixth Year, 1879.

I. A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,

M.D., F.L.S. Vol. III. Eleven Plates. 8vo. (Com-
pleting the work.)

II. A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. By the late

J. S. Bowerbank, LL.D., F.R.S. Edited, with additions,
by Rev. A. M. Norman, M.A., F.L.S. Vol. IV. Seven-
teen Plates. 8vo. (Completing the work.)

For the Thirty-seventh Year, 1880.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S. Vol. Hi. Twenty-eight Plates. 8vo.

For the Thirty-eighth Year, 1881.

A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Iiymenoptera.
By P, Cameron, F.E.S. Vol.1. Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.

28 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

For the Thirty-ninth Year, 1882.

A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buekton,
P.R.S. Vol. IV. Twenty-seven Plates. 8vo. (Com-
pleting the Work.)

For the Fortieth Year, 1883.

British Oribatidic. Bv A. D. Michael, F.L.S. Vol. T.
Thirtv-one Plates. 8vo.

For the Forty-fikst Year, 1884.

A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera. By
P. Cameron. F.E.S. Vol. II. Twentv-seven Plates. 8vo.

For the Forty-second Year, 1885.

The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by H. T. Stainton, F.R.S. Vol. I.
The Butterflies. Seventeen Plates. 8vo.

For the Forty-thikd Year, 188G.

The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by H. T. Stainton, F.R.S. Vol. II.
The Hawk-Moths and part of the Bornbyees. Eighteen
Plates. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 29

Foit the Forty-fourth Year, 1887.

British Oribatidae. By A. D. Michael, F.L.S. Vol. II.
Thirty-one Plates. 8vo. (Completing the Work.)

For the Forty-fifth Year, 1888.

The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by H. T. Staiuton, F.R.S. Vol. 111.
The concluding portion of the Bombyces. Eighteen
Plates. 8vo.

For the Forty-sixth Y'ear, 1889.

A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera. By
P. Cameron, F.E.S. Vol. III. Seventeen Plates. 8vo.

For the Forty-seventh Year, 1890.

The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by H. T. Staiuton, F.R.S. Vol. IV.
The first portion of the Noctuae. Sixteen Plates. 8vo.

For the Forty-eighth Year, 1891.

The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited (in part) by the late H. T. Staiuton,
F.R.S. Vol. V. The second portion of the Noctuae.
Seventeen Plates. 8vo.

30 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

For the Forty-ninth Year, 1892.

A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera. By
P. Cameron, F.E.S. Vol. IV. Nineteen Plates. 8vo.
(Completing the Work.)

For the Fiftieth Year, 1893.

The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by G. T. Porritt, F.L.S. Vol. VI. The
third portion of the Noctuae. Nineteen Plates. 8vo.

For the Fifty-first Year, 1894-.

The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by G. T. Porritt, F.L.S. Vol. VII.
The first portion of the Geometrae. Twenty-two Plates.
8vo.

For the Fifty-second Year, 1895.

The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late

W. Buckler, edited by G. T. Porritt, F.L.S. Vol. VIII.

The second and concluding portion of the Geometrae.
Twenty Plates. 8vo.

For the Fifty-third Y^ear, 1896.

The Tailless Batrachians of Europe. Part I. By G. A.
Boulenger, F.ll.S. Ten Plates. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE KAY SOCIETY. 31

For the Fifty-fourth Year, 1897.

The Tailless Batrachians of Europe. Part II. By Gr. A.
Boulenger, F.R.S. Fourteen Plates. 8vo. (Completing
the Work.)

I'lilMEU ill ADLA1UJ AM) SUN,
llAKlllOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AN1> 20, 11A^0VEU SQUAlilS, W,

3 2044 093 352 292